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OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY > OCTA 231 (Pediatrics Exam 1) > Flashcards

OCTA 231 (Pediatrics Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

period of development from conception to the moment at which the neonate can survive on its own without placental nutrients

A

Gestation and birth

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2
Q

period of development from birth to 18 mths

A

Infancy

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3
Q

period of development from 18 mths through 5 yrs

A

Early Childhood

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4
Q

period of development from 6 yrs until the onset of puberty (12 girls, 14 boys)

A

Middle Childhood

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5
Q

period of development from puberty until the onset of adulthood (21 yrs)

A

Adolescence

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6
Q

What are the general principles of development?

A
  • Development is sequential & predictable
  • Combination of: CNS Maturation,environment, movement and engagement in activities, and experience affect development
  • Development involves changes in the biologic, physiological, and social systems
  • Development occurs in two directions: horizontal & vertical
  • Development progresses in order in 3 basic sequences. 1. Cephalad to Caudal(Top to Bottom) 2. Proximal to Distal 3. Gross to Fine Motor skills
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7
Q

skills involved in moving and interacting with objects or the environment and include posture, mobility, coordination, strength, effort, and energy.

A

Motor Skills

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8
Q

automatic responses to stimuli that helps the newborn adapt to the environment

A

Primitive reflexes

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9
Q

a reflex that allows the baby to open the mouth and turn head in the direction of touch

A

Rooting reflex

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10
Q

a reflex that allows the baby to close mouth, suck, and swallow

A

Sucking/swallowing reflex

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11
Q

a reflex that allows the baby’s arms to extend and hands; then the arms flex and hands close; infant usually cries (responding to loss of support)

A

Moro’s reflex

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12
Q

a reflex that allows the baby’s fingers to flex

A

Palmar grasp

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13
Q

a reflex that allows the baby’s toes to grasp (flexion)

A

Plantar grasp

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14
Q

a reflex that allows the baby’s arm and leg on face side extend; arm and leg on skull side to flex (or experience increased flexor tone)

A

ATNR (Asymmetric tonic neck reflex)

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15
Q

postural responses to changes of head and body positions, brings the head and trunk back into upright position (movements called- extension, flexion, abduction,etc)

A

Righting reactions

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16
Q

automatic response to external changes. Requires corrective action of body(compensatory movements)that keep the body upright and vertical against gravity. (rotational and diagonal ).

A

Equilibrium reactions

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17
Q

postural reactions that are used to stop a fall or to prevent injury when equilibrium reactions fail to do so

A

Protective extension responses

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18
Q

What two types of movements start at 6 mths and continues throughout life?

A

Righting reactions

Protective extension responses

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19
Q

Skills that require body movement which involve the large(core stabilizing) muscles of the body to perform everyday functions

A

Gross Motor Skills

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20
Q

Examples of gross motor skills:

A 
Standing
Walking
Running
Sitting upright
Eye hand coordination (throwing, catching, kicking)
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21
Q

Newborn Gross Motor:

A
  • Flexion in all positions
  • Prone/supine “top heavy”
    Able to scrap face across mat to clear airway
  • Neck righting
  • MORO
  • Gross movements
  • See grasp, suck/swallow, startle & rooting reflexes
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22
Q

1 Month Gross Motor:

A
  • Extensor muscles begin to become facilitated
  • Reduction of flexion
  • Clearance of face from mat surface
  • Elongated (stretched out)
  • UE still adducted, flexed but less retracted
  • Decrease in primitive reflexes (sucking, rooting, grasp)
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23
Q

2 Months Gross Motor:

A
  • Lower muscle tone (flexion decrease/extension increase)
  • Weight shifted to middle abdomen
  • With pull to sit see infant attempt to help
  • Elicitation of ATNR
  • Beginning of eye hand movement
  • Lifts head in prone to 45 degree angle (weight bearing)
  • Elbows coming just behind shoulders, out from adduction and less flexed
  • More Time In Supine
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24
Q

3 Months Gross Motor:

A
  • Less ATNR
  • Much more symmetrical in supine
  • Arms comes to midline (mouth, abdomen)
  • Arms taking more weight in prone
  • Head up at 60-90 degree
  • Weight in prone moving into pelvis area
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25
Q

4 Months Gross Motor:

A
  • Neck flexors and extensors are coming in
  • Neck elongation with beginning chin tuck
  • Lots of hand to hand play in supine
  • Lots of mouthing in supine of toy
  • Hip flexion so getting to elongation of back extensors & more of a pelvic tilt
  • In pull to sit baby hold head in alignment and assists
  • Not able to sit independently
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26
Q

5 Months Gross Motor:

A
  • Lateral weight shift
  • Equilibrium reactions in prone
  • Extended weight bearing; reach on elbows
  • Asymmetry in side lying
  • Rolling prone to supine
  • Anterior tilt
  • May sit leaning forward at hips
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27
Q

6 Months Gross Motor:

A
  • Good head control in all positions
  • UE protective extension
  • Roll supine to prone initiated with flexion
  • Independently sitting LE’s positional stability
  • Bears weight on LE’s in standing
  • Discover they have thumbs
  • Rake and get Spoon Grasp
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28
Q

7 Months Gross Motor:

A
  • Equilibrium-prone to supine starting to sit
  • Increased trunk control
  • Prone-preferred position pivot, belly crawl
  • Prone to 4 point or on hands/feet rocking
  • 4 point sit
  • Trunk rotation in sitting
  • May pull to standing using UE’s
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29
Q

8 Months Gross Motor:

A
  • Equilibrium reax in sitting; starting 4 point
  • Good sideways protective extension
  • Sitting most functional position
  • More hip adduction and knee extension
  • Kneeling and kneel to stand
  • Relies more on lower extremities to stand
  • Cruises sideways- abduction & adduction LE
  • Stoppage gait when walking with hands held
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30
Q

9 Months Gross Motor:

A
  • Use trunk control in sitting to develop finer hand manipulation skills
  • Backwards protective extension
  • Various LE positions (W sitting)
  • Kneel with act hip extension
  • Knee; to stand through half kneel
  • Cruises semiturned
  • Cannot lower self to floor
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31
Q

10 Months Gross Motor:

A
  • May see more primitive gross motor skills/sitting to allow for finer manipulation
  • Unilateral activity (mirroring-imitation)
  • Increased kneeling, half kneeling, cruising in direction going
  • Lowers self from standing
  • Better gait pattern with support: more primitive gait when support is reduced
  • Getting Superior Pinch
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32
Q

11 Months Gross Motor:

A
  • Various sitting positions
  • Uses trunk rotation well
  • Lots of movement transitions
  • Play in half kneeling
  • Stands through active LE extension (kneel to half kneel to squat to stand)
  • Lowers self asymmetrically
  • When cruising, reaches for furniture
  • May stand alone,: high guard position, may fall
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33
Q

12 Months Gross Motor:

A

Righting and equilibrium reflex
well integrated in all positions except standing
* Rising using LE’s
* Weight shift while standing
* Moves quickly during initial walking
* As trunk control increases no longer need scapular retraction
* Arms hang at side and eventually swing

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34
Q

2 years Gross Motor:

A
  • Refinement in walking
  • Walks sideways and backwards
  • Lots of motor planning, uneven surfaces
  • Gets up to stand from middle of floor
  • Increased hip stability- squatting in play, stoops and recovers, kicking
35
Q

development of anti-gravity movement

A

Mobility

36
Q

development of muscle contraction at proximal joints

A

Stability

37
Q

Newborn Fine Motor:

A
  • Lots of physiological flexion
  • UE adducted and flexed with fisting of hands
  • Grasp reflex is predominate
  • Moves both arms randomly and in total flexion or extension
  • Beginning to look at things
38
Q

1 Month Fine Motor:

A
  • Moving arms in/out of flexion
  • Thumbs in/out of palms
  • Hands fisted at rest
  • Involuntary grasp and release
  • No attempt to reach
  • Regards adult face
39
Q

2 Months Fine Motor

A
  • See emergence of ATNR, increased asymmetry of UE
  • Eyes make visual contact with one hand which is extended on the face side
  • Less flexion and more abduction and external rotation in supine
  • Overall still alot of flexion
  • Prone-no-neck, elbows behind shoulders, weight on forearms and ulna side of hands
40
Q

3 Months Fine Motor:

A
  • Most interaction with the environment is via visual inspection
  • Infant use grasp reflex to grasp
  • If released it is random and caused by movement of arms not intent
41
Q

3-4 Months Fine Motor:

A
  • Increases midline orientation of head
  • Less physiological flexion, Increase extension
  • Hands coming together over belly
  • Fingers loosely flexed
  • Grasp reflex dropping out
  • Elbows moving under shoulders in prone, weight on forearms, hands loosely fisted, increased head control in prone
42
Q

4 Months Fine Motor:

A
  • Prone desirable play position
  • good head control in midline in prone
  • Elbows under shoulders with increased weight on elbows not forearms
  • Flex to get hand to mouth in prone (Toy)
  • Hands open with weight on palms of hands
  • In supine see lots of hand to hand play, hand to mouth play and visual inspection of hands
43
Q

5 Months Fine Motor:

A
  • Lots of prone play on flexed & extended UE
  • Can grasp toys & get to mouth when on elbows
  • May reach for toy and manipulation on extended elbows
    *
44
Q

5 Months Fine Motor (Supine):

A
  • With the increase in neck & scapular stability get increase elbow stability
  • See weight on wrist & radial palmar sides of hands in prone
  • Elbows forward of shoulders
45
Q

5 Months Fine Motor (Prone):

A
  • Lots of symmetry
  • Lots of hand to mouth play & toys in mouth
  • Lots of hand to knee play & maybe feet play
  • Lots of elbow extension
  • Grasping & beginning transfer by pulling object out of holding hand into other hand
  • Using a palmar and ulnar grasp
46
Q

6 Months Fine Motor (Supine/Prone):

A
  • Still play in prone & be up on elbows & fully extended arms with weight on palms & radial side of hand
  • Can get toys & transfer but moving out of prone into sit to be more functional with play
  • Not spending alot of time playing in supine
  • In supine with the beginning of transferring you have emerging bilateral integration skills
47
Q

6 Months Fine Motor (Sit):

A
  • Better independent sitter so better position to play with more mature hand skills
  • Early sitter hand skills decline to more immature patterns at first
  • Better in sit see improved hand skills
  • Using more of a radial palmar grasp
  • Transfer starting w/o pull but placement into other hand
48
Q

7 Months Fine Motor:

A
  • Play in various positions (sit, sidelying, prone)
  • Using radial digital grasp
  • Thumb coming from adducted to abducted to opposed position
  • See beginning of controlled release (does not need to wipe, throw, or pull to get object out of hand)
49
Q

8 Months Fine Motor:

A
  • Transitional movements and plays in alot of different positions
  • Increased rotation, diagonal movements, weight shifting which leads to increasing disassociation of movements, joints, fingers, extremities from one another
  • Begin to preposition fingers to grasp medium size object
  • Uses radial digital & sometimes inferior
  • With small objects still rakes to obtain
50
Q

8-9 Months Fine Motor:

A
  • See more prepositioning of fingers to grasp (adjusts to object size)
  • Radial digital grasp with wrist extended
  • Lots of releasing of objects
51
Q

9-11 Months Fine Motor:

A
  • See more opposition of thumb & more use of inferior pincer grasp
  • See more refinement of release with slight wrist extension & rotation of forearm (raisin in jar)
  • Decrease use of ulnar fingers
  • Poking with index finger
  • Bilateral integration skill
52
Q

12 Months Fine Motor:

A
  • Emerging superior pincer grasp
  • Use of supination with forearm
  • Use of wrist extension
  • Can release objects with control of shoulder, elbow and wrist
  • Works on releasing skills (stacking blocks)
53
Q

12 Months Fine Motor:

A
  • Infant has sufficient fine motor control to combine objects and explore their functional use
54
Q

12-15 Months Fine Motor:

A
  • Demonstrates increasing control of intrinsic muscles so can now pick up & hold precisely flat objects
  • More refinement of bilateral skills
55
Q

17-18 Months Fine Motor:

A
  • Starts to use one hand to stabilize while other manipulates- NOT handedness yet
56
Q

18 Months- 3 years

A
  • Child develops use of disk, cylinder, spherical, lateral grasps
  • Increasing control with power grasp
  • Increasing control with release to enable ball throwing
  • Increasing use of simultaneous manipulation by both hands
57
Q

Newborn Oral Motor:

A
  • Large tongue fills oral cavity
  • Fat pads
  • Suck-swallow reflex- lips are touched & infant opens mouth & starts to suck
  • Rooting reflex- stroke cheek & infant turns head towards stimulus
  • Gag reflex- strong in first 3 mths
  • Phasic bite reflex- S gums & infant makes up/down movements with jaw
58
Q

1 Month Oral Motor:

A
  • Still have physiological flexion (helps strengthen suck)
  • Still have sucking, rooting & gag reflex
  • Tongue does not protrude through gums anymore
  • Mouth & tongue function as a unit
  • Nose breather
  • still use suck reflex with bottle
59
Q

Two Months Oral Motor:

A
  • Rooting dropping out so you see infant voluntarily open mouth for bottle upon visual S
  • With increased controlled flexion and chin tuck you see suckling look better
60
Q

4 Months Oral Motor:

A
  • Increase hands to mouth & toys to mouth you see decrease in gag reflex
  • See increase jaw stability so now pattern of suckling returns returns to suck with only movement of tongue (up/down tongue movement)
  • With better sucking skills often see collapse of nipple
  • Begins coo
  • Hands to mouth also facilitate increased jaw stability
61
Q

5 Months Oral Motor:

A
  • With improved flexion & extension & head control see improved jaw stability
  • Spoon Spoon feeding starts & infant opens mouth for spoon but does not grade mouth movements nor clear lips
  • Uses suck pattern to clear
  • Phasic bite gone
62
Q

6 Months Oral Motor:

A
  • Increased oral play see tongue start to lateralize
  • Lips coming in for spoon & cup but then resorts to biting
  • Cheeks becoming more active drawing inward
  • Lots of teething
  • Increase drooling
63
Q

7-9 Months Oral Motor:

A
  • Tongue laterally shifting
  • Jaw begins to laterally shift
  • Diagonal jaw movement when eating
  • Upper lip clears spoon
  • Beginning munching
  • Cup drinking (one sip at a time, lose lot from corners)
64
Q

10-12 Months Oral Motor:

A
  • Licks food off lower lip
  • Rotary chewing (moving food side to side)
  • Can take 4-5 sips from a cup, don’t lose a lot from corners)
65
Q

15-18 Months Oral Motor:

A
  • Now takes chopped foods
66
Q

2 Years Oral Motor:

A
  • Adult eating patterns established
  • Cheeks assist with tongue in gathering food into bolus & placing on molars to chew
  • Mature rotary chewing skills (up/down,
  • Can eat any adult foods
  • Effective cup drinker
67
Q

3 Years Oral Motor:

A
  • Drinking through a straw and serving self
68
Q

Progression of Food Texture for most Children:

A
  • Liquid
  • Strained
  • Junior
  • Mashed/Chopped fine
  • Regular
69
Q

A reflex when the S gums and infant makes up/down movements with the jaw

A

Phasic bite reflex

70
Q

Jaw movements are up/down, tongue retraction in and out (tongue shows extension- forward movement)

A

Munching

71
Q

Why work/consider families

A

families have the most significant environmental influence on a young child’s life and development

72
Q

A code of ethics that refers to the benefit of services to consumers, which may include clients, families, and community

A

Beneficence

73
Q

A code of ethics that refers to not imposing harm on clients

A

Nonmaleficence

74
Q

A code of ethics that refer to the rights and privacy of clients

A

Autonomy

75
Q

A code of ethics that refers to providing fair sand equitable OT services to all clients

A

Justice

76
Q

A code of ethics that refer to honesty in all professional matters

A

Veracity

77
Q

A code of ethics that refers to respect, fairness, discretion, and integrity

A

Fidelity

78
Q

Family life cycle

A

Birth, Marriage, Leaving Home, Death

79
Q

a pleasurable, self initiated activity that the child can control

A

Play

80
Q

one’s disposition to play

A

Playfulness

81
Q

Development of walking:

A

crawling, creeping, kneeling, half kneel, stand, cruise

82
Q

Child needs developmental balance of what 2 things?

A

Flexion and Extension is key!

83
Q

What type of movement occurs during Righting Reactions?

A

Weight shifting occurs every movement requires weight shift and stimulate righting reactions to take place.

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