Nutrition Flashcards
define digestion
breakdown food and use as nutrients or excreted as waste
how long does food stay in the stomach
2-8 hours
fxn of liver
filter toxins from blood
produce bile to be stored in the gallbladder
what organ produces insulin
pancreas
rectum usage
store feces
what are calories
energy that is stored in food
daily dietary intake according to USDA
2 cups fruit
2.5 cups of vegetables
6oz grains
5.5oz protein
3 cup dairy products
macronutrients vs. micronutrients
macronutrients: protein, carbs, fat, eaten in large amounts
micronutrients: vitamins, minerals, eaten in small amounts
starch and fiber are what type of nutrients
complex carbs
what is the glycemic index
ability to raise the blood glucose level
what type of foods have a high vs. low glycemic index
high: increases sugar rapidly like potatoes, white bread, processed snacks
low: increase sugar slowly and stabilizes it; legumes, vegetable, fruits, whole grains
what nutrient help the absorption of vitamins
fats
what type of fats should be avoided
transfat and saturated fats
what does Transfats do
raise low-density lipoprotein (LDL) [bad] and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) [good] cholesterol in the body
where are transfats found
in highly processed foods
where are saturated fats found
in full-fat dairy products like cheese, butter, and whole milk
diet in a lot of saturated fat is a risk for what
heart disease and raises total cholesterol levels
where are monounsaturated fats found
nuts, olives, olive oil, seeds, and avocados
water-soluble vitamins are carried where
to the tissues and not stored in the body
what vitamin complex includes water-soluble ones
vitamin complex B and C
where are fat-soluble vitamins stored
liver and fatty tissues for later use; most abundant in high fat foods
which vitamins are fat-soluble
vitamins A,D,E,K
what are minerals, 2 big types, and general fxn
micronutrients that help the body develop and function normally; i.e. Fe, Zn, Ca, Na, Cl, K. S
Some are macrominerals, others are traceminerals
list some functions of water
promote brain fxn
hydrates and flush out wastes
regulate body temp
lubricant
2 examples of empty calorie foods (little nutrients)
soda and candies
what % of daily intake is considered high or low
low: 5% or less
high: 20% or more
what does percent daily value (%DV) indicate
the percentage of recommended daily intake for each nutrient in a day
define net carbs
amount of carbs consumed after taking away fiber and sugar alcohols
how to calculate BMI
weight (in lbs) /height (in inches) = x
x / height = y
y * 703
purpose of antioxidants
help protect cells from free radicals; prevent cancer, heart disease, etc.
what is omega-3 fatty acids good for
brain. heart. eyes
how is a 24-hour recall done and purpose
see what the pt has eaten in the past 24 hours
purpose of food frequency questionnaire
determine the pt’s typical food consumption based on a list of foods
soft diet
soft, easy to digest, low in fiber
pureed diet
soft and smooth, don’t require chewing
full liquid diet
liquid, ice cream melted okay, gelatin okay
clear liquid diet
broth, gelatin, water, tea, sports drinks, juice w/o pulp, black coffee
what is considered a heart-healthy diet
control portions, eat more fruit and veggies, increasing whole grains, limit unhealthy fats, eating low-fat protein sources, decrease Na intake
what is considered a renal diet
avoid K, Na, P
high K could lead to MI or dysrhythmias
foods high in K
P- potatoes, pork
O - oranges
T - tomatoes
A - avocados
S - strawberries
S - spinach
I - fish
U - mushrooms
M - musk melon (cantaloupe)
carrots, raisins, bananas, prune/grapefruit juices
overt aspiration
noticeable symptoms like sudden cough, wheezing, congestion, heart burn, etc.
silent aspiration
no obvious symptoms
nectar-like vs. honey-like vs. spoon-thick
nectar < honey < spoon (thickest)
check feeding tube how often, and for what
q4hr check pH of gastric content
q4hr check residual (report if greater than 250mL)
maintain bed at what angle during tube feeding; for how long
30-45 degrees; for an hour at least after bolus feed
list manisfestations of feeding tube aspiration
cough, wheeze, fever of
what is the supraglottic swallow technique
hold breath
put food in mouth
swallow 1-3 times
cough residual out
what is the mendelsohn maneuver technique
swallow
hold swallow for 2-3 secs
relax
what is considered hypoglycemia
less than 70mg/dL
what is considered fasting glucose
blood glucose level when pt has been NPO for at least 8 hours
what is considered normal for a normal fasting glucose pt
under 100 mg/dL
what is a gastrostomy tube (G-tube)
insert via abdomen into the stomach
what are the 3 techniques for inserting gastrostomy tube
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)
laparoscopic technique
open surgery technique
how is laparoscopic technique done
small incision made on abdomen and tiny telescope is used
difference between PEG and laparoscopic technique for G-tube
PEG is one small incision
laparoscopic is multiple small incisions
nasoduodenal vs. nasojejunal tube
nasoduodenal: impaired gastric mobility, high risk of aspiration
nasojejunal: gastroparesis (delayed stomach emptying), severe gastric reflux, max nutrient absorption, high risk of aspiration
what is enteral nutrition
dietary intake via a medical device such as a feeding tube; can’t eat safely due to dysphagia
through GI tract
how many mL of water should flush down the feeding tube after feeding
30mL
what is parenteral nutrition
dietary intake via IV; partial/total
list some indications that can increase risk for aspiration
dementia or ALOC
retained food
neuromuscular disorders
current or recent endotracheal intubation
bad oral care
having enteral feeding tubes
high residual volumes for pts with receiving enteral feeding
clear liquid should be provided for how long and why
short period of time as there’s little nutrients
typically before or after surgery or scope down there
what is considered good BMI
18.5 - 24.9
