Mobility Flashcards
cartilage
flexible C.T that coats bony areas, allows gliding and absorbs shock
tendon
nonflexible fibrous C.T that attaches muscle to bone
ligament
flexible C.T that attaches bone to bone
3 main functions of skeletal muscle
movement
posture and positioning
generate body heat
5 functions of the skeletal system
support
protect
produce: red bone marrow
storage: Ca, P, Mg, Fe, lipids
movement
proprioception
feedback from sensory receptors to coordinate, balance, and fine-tune body positioning and movement
synovial joints
fluid-filled capsules that connect bones and enable movement
body mechanics
musculoskeletal and nervous systems to maintain posture, alignment, and balance
where is the center of gravity while standing
just below the umbilicus
how does center of gravity change to improve stability and balance
lower and closest to the base; spreading the feet shoulder-width and flexing the knees
ergonomics
study of body mechanics in relation to the demand and design of the work environment
3 risk factors at work
practice controls: lighting, noise, exposure to heat/cold
physical characteristics: posture, repetition, time
environmental hazards: mental/physical stress, falls, slips
disuse osteoporosis; what does it lead to
bones become thinner and weaker due to prolonged bed rest; leads to fragility fractures
sarcopenia; affects where first
loss of lean muscle mass; twitch fibers in voluntary muscles; affects lower extremities first; affected by aging
joint contractures
abnormal fixation of a joint due to changes in muscles and connective tissue
foot drop
joint contracture resulting in partial or total inability to pull the toes up toward the head (dorsiflexion)
how many days of bedrest before structures start to change
4 days
cardiac deconditioning
atrophy of the heart muscle: less blood being ejected during contraction
orthostatic hypotension guidelines
decrease in systolic 20mmHg or more;
decrease in diastolic 10mmHg or more within 3 mins of changing positions
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
blood clot (thrombus) develops in one or more of the deep veins, usually in arms, pelvis, thighs, or lower legs
DVT could lead to which 3 conditions
pulmonary embolism
stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
myocardial infarction
what can occur from shallow breathing due to long term supine position
atelectasis: partial or complete collapse of lung
pneumonia: infection
how are GI tracts affected by prolonged bed rest
malnutrition
decreased sensation for bowel movement-> constipation
gastroesophageal reflux
how are genitourinary system affected by prolonged bed rest
urinary retention
renal calculi due to incomplete drainage of the kidneys; leading to UTI
self concept
belief one holds regarding their qualities and attributes formed through experiences
how often should joints be moved
q8hrs
how often should client’s position and posture for body alignment be checked
q2hrs
how often should clients be repositioned
q2hrs
what type of diet can help prevent skin breakdown
high-protein meals and shakes
kyphosis
outward curvature of the thoracic area of the spine; pelvis tilted forward; most commonly in older females from weakening and breakage of the vertebra
Timed Up & Go (TUG) assessment
stand up from seated position, ambulate 10ft, and back. Longer than 12secs increased risk of falling
standardized mobility assessment tool (MAT)
lvl 4: no assist
lvl 1: max assist
Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale
lvl 6: effortless
lvl 20: max effort
subjective
target 12-14
when should basic ambulation skills be developed during infancy
around 1 year
fine-tuning of gait is achieved around when during childhood
5-7yrs old
what level of the cane should be relative to the body;elbow degrees
by the inner wrist when relaxed hands at side
15-30 degrees angle
crutches should be at what level
axilla: crutch pads 1-2 inches below
hand grips at hips
5 factors to consider with assistive devices
body size and shape
level of cooperation
mental function
physical disabilities
health-related conditions and equipment
max assist
extend arm
sit by self on edge of bed for at least 2 mins
moderate assist
feet on floor
extend leg, flex ankle and point toes
minimal assist
rise self from seated position w/assisted device
stand for at least 5 secs
crutches are used for
upper arm strength strong; younger clients
walker used for
lower extremity weakness
pivot disc used for
can stand but hard to move feet to a chair
abduction vs. adduction
abduction: away from midline
adduction: towards midline
pronation vs. supination
pronation: face backward
supination: face forward
inversion vs. eversion
inversion: turn inward
eversion: turn outward
all adults should do moderate intense aerobic activities for how long
150mins per week
30mins per day, 5 days a week
what position for a client with pneumonia and want to increase postural drainage
prone, face to side;abdomen flat down
occupational therapist
assist with ADL
what position to prevent atelectasis
fowler’s
how should a client move with a walker
walker first
step with weaker leg
damage with skin intact
redder in color, firmness, skin unopened
damage into skin layer
wound lighter in color, temperature diff, intact/open blister
damage beyond the skin layer
wound open, granulation
muscle tone - flaccidity vs. spasticity
flaccidity: decreased tone
spasticity: increased tone
urinary stasis
decreased urge to void;
difficult to relax sitting up
