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NURS120 > Gas Exchange & Oxygenation > Flashcards

Gas Exchange & Oxygenation Flashcards

1
Q

Upper airway is divided into which 2 areas

A

pharynx
larynx

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2
Q

pharynx includes which 3 sections

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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3
Q

purpose of naso and oropharynx

A

warm, filter, and humidify air

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4
Q

left and right lung has how many lobes

A

left has 2 lobes
right has 3 lobes

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5
Q

what system is the diaphragm controlled by

A

autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

what does the diaphragm and intercostal muscles do when we inhale and exhale

A

inhale: diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract (negative air pressure)
exhale: diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax

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7
Q

what is the lubricant that keeps alveoli from collapsing

A

surfactant

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8
Q

atelactasis

A

lack of surfactant so the lung tissue collapses, loss of volume in expansion

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9
Q

what can cause atelactasis

A

use of general anesthesia or opioids

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10
Q

what is known as the flow of air in and out of the alveoli

A

ventilation

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11
Q

what is known as the flow of blood into the alveolar capillaries

A

perfusion

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12
Q

which cells sense and respond to changes in the gas levels in the respiratory system

A

chemoreceptors

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13
Q

chemoreceptors monitor which gas levels

A

oxygen
carbon dioxide
hydrogen ions

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14
Q

the gas levels impact what measurements in the respiratory system

A

arterial blood gas (ABG) measurements

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15
Q

lung compliance

A

ability of the lungs to expand in response to increased alveolar pressure; may be affected by atelectasis

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16
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

max air; total lung capacity
additional air breathed in after typical inspiration

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17
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air inspired or expired with each breath

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18
Q

residual volume

A

air remaining after expiration

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19
Q

forced vital capacity

A

air expelled 1 sec during forced expiration

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20
Q

vital capacity

A

max air expelled after max inspiration
take a deep breath and exhale as forcefully as possible

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21
Q

total lung capacity

A

air remained in the lungs after maximal inspiration

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22
Q

after the blood leaves the right ventricle, where does it go

A

pulmonary artery and into the lungs for oxygenation

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23
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

additional air expelled after a typical expiration

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24
Q

S1 sound of the heart cause

A

closure of the atrioventricular valves - mitral and tricuspid valves

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25
Q

S2 sound of the heart cause

A

closure of the semilunar valves - aortic and pulmonary valves

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26
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A

volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 min

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27
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

amount of blood ejected from the ventricles during contraction

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28
Q

Preload

A

end-diastolic volume; amount the ventricles stretch after diastole

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29
Q

Frank-Starling mechanism

A

the more the ventricles stretch at the end-diastolic volume, the greater the contraction and higher the stroke volume

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30
Q

Afterload

A

resistance the left ventricle must exert to eject blood

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31
Q

where is the SA node located

A

wall of the right atrium

32
Q

electrical conduction of the heart starting with SA node

A

SA node
AV node
bundle of His
right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

33
Q

why does nicotine increase BP and HR

A

promotes vasoconstriction which decreases blood flow

34
Q

stress hormone

A

cortisol released by the hypothalamus

35
Q

how to assess the jugular vein distention (JVD)

A

client reclined to 30 to 45 degrees with head turned slightly away;
measure from sternal notch to the highest point of pulsation with a ruler

36
Q

abnormal JVD

A

greater than 1.5inches indicates abnormal distention; increased central venous pressure

37
Q

tactile fremitus

A

vibration felt in the chest wall during palpation while the client is speaking; decreased in pt with pleural effusion or penumothorax

38
Q

pleural effusion

A

buildup of fluid in the pleural space

39
Q

pneumothorax

A

air in the pleural space causing the lungs to collapse

40
Q

how is edema scored

A

1 - 4 with 1 being slight imprint when palpated

41
Q

what does crackles in the sound of lungs indicate

A

fluid filled alveoli; pneumonia or an infection

42
Q

what does wheezing in the sound of lungs indicate

A

constricted airways; asthma and COPD

43
Q

what does rhonchi in the sound of lungs indicate

A

obstruction of airway; asthma and COPD

44
Q

what does stridor sounds of lungs indicate

A

emergency; inflammation of the epiglottis, viral infection

45
Q

what can S3 sound indicate

A

heart failure if heard in adults

46
Q

what can S4 sound indicate

A

aortic stenosis, hypertension, history of myocardial infarction

47
Q

hypoxemia vs. hypoxia

A

hypoxemia: less amount of oxygen in the blood
hypoxia: less amount of oxygen in the body tissue

48
Q

what can hyperventilation lead to

A

alkalosis due to increased CO2 exhaled

49
Q

what is atrial fibrillation; cause; what does it lead to

A

rapid, irregulat heartbeat starting at the atria; atria quivers instead of contracting; leads to blood clots from blood pooled in the atria

50
Q

ventricular dysrhythmia cause and lead to

A

caused by electrical impulses starting in the ventricle; leads to chambers not filled with blood and not being pumped to the lungs and the body

51
Q

manifestations of left-sided heart failure

A

hypoxia
crackles in the lungs
SOB

52
Q

manifestations of right-sided heart failure

A

edema

53
Q

regurgitation of the heart indicates what

A

valves not fully closing

54
Q

stenosis

A

heart valve becomes narrow and stiff; causing blood to not move forward; prolonged stenosis causes hypertrophy of valves and can lead to heart failure

55
Q

which valve is most commonly associated with valvular heart disease

A

aortic valve

56
Q

3 factors that contribute to tissue perfusion

A

preload, contractility, and afterload

57
Q

myocardial ischemia

A

blood supply reduced to the heart; blockage of coronary arteries

58
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain due to CAD

59
Q

what causes myocardial infarction

A

irreversible damage to the heart due to decreased oxygen flow that results in ischemia

60
Q

what oxygen% level should pts with illnesses be kept at

A

88-92%

61
Q

what O2 concentration is nasal cannula recommended for

A

1 - 6L/min (24 - 44% O2)

62
Q

atelectasis

A

collapse of the lung

63
Q

when to use a partial rebreather mask vs. non-rebreather mask

A

partial rebreather mask for moderate lvl of oxygen while non-rebreather mask is for high lvl of oxygen

64
Q

purpose of aerosol mask

A

administer nebulized solutions - mist meds

65
Q

stroke

A

blocked blood supply to the brain or a blood vessel in the brain bursts

66
Q

what does continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine do

A

delivers a constant flow of air to create a positive pressure to keep the upper airways open

67
Q

what does bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) machine do

A

deliver high pressure when inhaling and low pressure when exhaling

68
Q

what can develop from oxygen toxicity

A

damage of cells and death

69
Q

why can oxygen toxicity harm cells

A

high partial pressures that cause oxidative damage to cellular membranes; causing the alveoli to collapse

70
Q

chest physiotherapy (CPT) consists of what

A

percussion of the chest, vibration, and postural drainage to get mucus out

71
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

lung tissue damaged and scarred; causing thickening and stiffness

72
Q

emphysema

A

alveoli damaged which causes SOB

73
Q

flutter valve uses

A

used for breathing therapy

74
Q

how is huff coughing performed

A

inhaling air and hold; forcefully exhaling

75
Q

purpose of huff coughing

A

to dislodge mucus and get it out

76
Q

how often should tracheostomy care be performed

A

every 4-8hrs

NURS120 (38 decks)

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