Gas Exchange & Oxygenation Flashcards
Upper airway is divided into which 2 areas
pharynx
larynx
pharynx includes which 3 sections
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
purpose of naso and oropharynx
warm, filter, and humidify air
left and right lung has how many lobes
left has 2 lobes
right has 3 lobes
what system is the diaphragm controlled by
autonomic nervous system
what does the diaphragm and intercostal muscles do when we inhale and exhale
inhale: diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract (negative air pressure)
exhale: diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
what is the lubricant that keeps alveoli from collapsing
surfactant
atelactasis
lack of surfactant so the lung tissue collapses, loss of volume in expansion
what can cause atelactasis
use of general anesthesia or opioids
what is known as the flow of air in and out of the alveoli
ventilation
what is known as the flow of blood into the alveolar capillaries
perfusion
which cells sense and respond to changes in the gas levels in the respiratory system
chemoreceptors
chemoreceptors monitor which gas levels
oxygen
carbon dioxide
hydrogen ions
the gas levels impact what measurements in the respiratory system
arterial blood gas (ABG) measurements
lung compliance
ability of the lungs to expand in response to increased alveolar pressure; may be affected by atelectasis
inspiratory reserve volume
max air; total lung capacity
additional air breathed in after typical inspiration
tidal volume
amount of air inspired or expired with each breath
residual volume
air remaining after expiration
forced vital capacity
air expelled 1 sec during forced expiration
vital capacity
max air expelled after max inspiration
take a deep breath and exhale as forcefully as possible
total lung capacity
air remained in the lungs after maximal inspiration
after the blood leaves the right ventricle, where does it go
pulmonary artery and into the lungs for oxygenation
expiratory reserve volume
additional air expelled after a typical expiration
S1 sound of the heart cause
closure of the atrioventricular valves - mitral and tricuspid valves
S2 sound of the heart cause
closure of the semilunar valves - aortic and pulmonary valves
Cardiac output (CO)
volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 min
Stroke volume (SV)
amount of blood ejected from the ventricles during contraction
Preload
end-diastolic volume; amount the ventricles stretch after diastole
Frank-Starling mechanism
the more the ventricles stretch at the end-diastolic volume, the greater the contraction and higher the stroke volume
Afterload
resistance the left ventricle must exert to eject blood
where is the SA node located
wall of the right atrium
electrical conduction of the heart starting with SA node
SA node
AV node
bundle of His
right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
why does nicotine increase BP and HR
promotes vasoconstriction which decreases blood flow
stress hormone
cortisol released by the hypothalamus
how to assess the jugular vein distention (JVD)
client reclined to 30 to 45 degrees with head turned slightly away;
measure from sternal notch to the highest point of pulsation with a ruler
abnormal JVD
greater than 1.5inches indicates abnormal distention; increased central venous pressure
tactile fremitus
vibration felt in the chest wall during palpation while the client is speaking; decreased in pt with pleural effusion or penumothorax
pleural effusion
buildup of fluid in the pleural space
pneumothorax
air in the pleural space causing the lungs to collapse
how is edema scored
1 - 4 with 1 being slight imprint when palpated
what does crackles in the sound of lungs indicate
fluid filled alveoli; pneumonia or an infection
what does wheezing in the sound of lungs indicate
constricted airways; asthma and COPD
what does rhonchi in the sound of lungs indicate
obstruction of airway; asthma and COPD
what does stridor sounds of lungs indicate
emergency; inflammation of the epiglottis, viral infection
what can S3 sound indicate
heart failure if heard in adults
what can S4 sound indicate
aortic stenosis, hypertension, history of myocardial infarction
hypoxemia vs. hypoxia
hypoxemia: less amount of oxygen in the blood
hypoxia: less amount of oxygen in the body tissue
what can hyperventilation lead to
alkalosis due to increased CO2 exhaled
what is atrial fibrillation; cause; what does it lead to
rapid, irregulat heartbeat starting at the atria; atria quivers instead of contracting; leads to blood clots from blood pooled in the atria
ventricular dysrhythmia cause and lead to
caused by electrical impulses starting in the ventricle; leads to chambers not filled with blood and not being pumped to the lungs and the body
manifestations of left-sided heart failure
hypoxia
crackles in the lungs
SOB
manifestations of right-sided heart failure
edema
regurgitation of the heart indicates what
valves not fully closing
stenosis
heart valve becomes narrow and stiff; causing blood to not move forward; prolonged stenosis causes hypertrophy of valves and can lead to heart failure
which valve is most commonly associated with valvular heart disease
aortic valve
3 factors that contribute to tissue perfusion
preload, contractility, and afterload
myocardial ischemia
blood supply reduced to the heart; blockage of coronary arteries
angina pectoris
chest pain due to CAD
what causes myocardial infarction
irreversible damage to the heart due to decreased oxygen flow that results in ischemia
what oxygen% level should pts with illnesses be kept at
88-92%
what O2 concentration is nasal cannula recommended for
1 - 6L/min (24 - 44% O2)
atelectasis
collapse of the lung
when to use a partial rebreather mask vs. non-rebreather mask
partial rebreather mask for moderate lvl of oxygen while non-rebreather mask is for high lvl of oxygen
purpose of aerosol mask
administer nebulized solutions - mist meds
stroke
blocked blood supply to the brain or a blood vessel in the brain bursts
what does continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine do
delivers a constant flow of air to create a positive pressure to keep the upper airways open
what does bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) machine do
deliver high pressure when inhaling and low pressure when exhaling
what can develop from oxygen toxicity
damage of cells and death
why can oxygen toxicity harm cells
high partial pressures that cause oxidative damage to cellular membranes; causing the alveoli to collapse
chest physiotherapy (CPT) consists of what
percussion of the chest, vibration, and postural drainage to get mucus out
pulmonary fibrosis
lung tissue damaged and scarred; causing thickening and stiffness
emphysema
alveoli damaged which causes SOB
flutter valve uses
used for breathing therapy
how is huff coughing performed
inhaling air and hold; forcefully exhaling
purpose of huff coughing
to dislodge mucus and get it out
how often should tracheostomy care be performed
every 4-8hrs
