NAVLE - O.O.O's Review 20 Flashcards
Transitional cell carcinoma is most common
Dx: Contrast radiographs, abdominal Ultrasound, cytology
Rx: surgical resection, cisplatin, carboplatin, mitoxantrone
Bladder neoplasia
Sign: Shoulder (usually large breeds 4-8 months) get lame after exercise or shoulder extension
Dx: Lesion appears as a flattened or saucer-like “divot” in the subchondral bone
Rx: Arthroscopy
Prognosis: Shoulder is good, hock is guarded
Osteochondrosis
History includes previous orthopedic surgery, trauma, chronic dental disease, injury to the toes, or travel to endemic fungal region. Lameness, fever, muscle atrophy, and pain on palpation. Swelling, heat, pain, or draining tracts may be
seen
Dx: Hematology, imaging, lab
Rx: Antibiotics, drain, narcotics, ampicillin, amikacin, enrofloxacin
Osteomyelitis
Sign: Pruritus
Dx: Skin scrapping, superficial/ deep
Rx: Ivermectin, Fipronil, Lime sulfur
Chorioptic mange (leg mange)
Sign: Hair loss around the face and eyes. Not contagious
Dx: Skin scrapping reveals cigar shaped mites
Demodex
Extremely pruritic
Sarcoptic mange
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius
Pyoderma
Sign: Tongue is most common site in cats, Tonsil is most common site in dogs, white cats on ear tips and nose, drooling, halitosis, and dysphagia, anorexia
Dx: CBC, radiograph, MRI, CT scan
Rx: Surgical excision
Squamous cell carcinoma
Sign: Large breed, 3-7 YO, Pain on palpation or extension of the lumbosacral joint. Difficulty using the pelvic limbs, pelvic limb lameness, tail weakness, and incontinence.
Dx: Radiograph, MRI, CT
Rx: Epidural injection of methylprednisolone acetate, laminectomy
Cauda equine syndrome
Sign: Insidious onset of non painful ataxia and weakness of the pelvic limbs. Non inflammatory degeneration of axons in the white matter of the spinal cord
Dx: Myelography or MRI and CSF analysis
Rx: Glucocorticoids
Degenerative Myelopathy
Slowly progressive ataxia and paresis. The most common sites of disk herniation are the cervical and thoracolumbar regions
Intervertebral Disk Disease
Back pain evident as kyphosis and reluctance to move
Cervical disk herniation thoracolumbar disk herniation
Sign: Cervical pain and tetraparesis
Dx: CSF usually has increased protein and pleocytosis, with either mononuclear cells or neutrophils predominating.
Rx: Radiation therapy and immunomodulatory drugs
Granulomatous meningoencephalitis
Sign: Fever, neck pain and rigidity, and painful muscle spasms, blindness, partial paralysis of the face or the limbs, loss of balance
Dx: analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from a spinal tap
Rx: corticosteroids
Meningitis
Sign: Change or loss of voice, lack of coordination of the hind legs.
Dx: The presence of a tick along with the sudden (within 12 to 24 hours) appearance of leg weakness and/or difficulty breathing is diagnostic.
Rx: Canine tick hyperimmune serum, also called tick antiserum (TAS
Tick paralysis
Congenital and hereditary, associated with white pigmentation. Associated with white pigmentation and blue eyes.
Deafness
Sign: PU, PD, kidney or flank pain, fever, malaise, and sometimes vomiting
Dx: Urinalysis shows proteinuria, pyuria, bacteriuria, and/or hematuria. WBC casts may be present in fresh urine sediment. abdominal ultrasonography and IV pyelography
Rx: Broad-spectrum antibiotics - amoxicillin
Pyelonephritis
Sign: Pollakiuria, stranguria, and hematuria; abdominal pain may be marked
Dx: urography or abdominal ultrasonography, ECG – Tall T waves
Rx: Surgery
Urethral obstruction
Sign: Cauliflower-like, pedunculated, nodular, papillary, or multilobulated in an appearance on genitalia
Rx: Chemotherapy - Vincristine
TVT
Sign: Discharge from the vulva, may occur before puberty or in mature dogs. It is especially common in puppies.
Dx: Physical examination, endoscopy, x-rays, ultrasonography, and laboratory tests.
Vaginitis
Sign: Dry, harsh lung sounds, proliferative granulomas and subcutaneous abscesses. ***Draining cutaneous nodules and signs of respiratory disease
Dx: Biopsy of tissue or aspirated specimens, thick-walled yeast
Rx: Itraconazole
Blastomycosis
mobile, soft, well-circumscribed, subcutaneous sternal masses
Lipoma
,
Vomiting, anorexia, and increased amount of plication of the small intestines
String foreign body
Crusting and hyperkeratosis around the eyes, nose, and mouth. A skin scraping did not identify an etiology.
Zinc responsive dermatopathy
Sign: Thunderstorm and fireworks phobia
Rx: Alprazolam or Diazepam 1 hour before problematic event
Anxiety disorder
Taurine deficiency in Cats
DCM
History of hematuria with clots
Transitional cell carcinoma
Flaccid jaw paralysis. The dog is unable to close her mouth, has difficulty eating and is drooling. There is no history of trauma.
Trigeminal neuritis
Muffled heart sound, electrical alternans, low R-wave, rounded, globoid cardiac silhouette, R.4-6th rib
Pericardial effusion
Sign: Vomiting, tense abdomen with gassy enlarged loops of bowel and a firm linear structure.
Dx: ultrasound
Rx: Surgery
Foreign body
Sign: Firm swelling over the nose
Dx: Narrow, budding, thin-walled yeasts
Rx: Itraconazole
Cryptococcus
Respiratory distress with open-mouth breathing
Left-sided congestive heart failure
“Drink and pee a lot. Disorientation, weakness, and “stumbling around.”
Portosystemic vascular shunt
Oocysts are not infective until they sporulate. This process takes > 24 hours, so emptying the litter box daily is advised
Toxoplasmosis
Systolic, ejection type (crescendo-decrescendo) heart murmur which may be heard most on L. 2-5th IC
Aortic stenosis
cardiac silhouette indistinct
Pleural effusion
Sign: Bright green vomit Vitamin
Dx: K1 administration for 4-6 weeks.
Brodifacoum (Vit k antagonist)
Characterized by schistocytes
DIC
History of trauma, Dyspnoea plus GIT sounds auscultated in chest
Diaphragmatic hernia
History of trauma, forelimb extensor rigidity and hindlimb flaccid paralysis, Interruption of inhibitory neuron input from lumbar spinal cord
Schiff-Sherrington syndrome
Many p waves, few QRS complexes
Third degree atrioventricular block
Ataxia/ loss of conscious proprioception in all four limbs and neck pain
Atlantoaxial instability
Head trauma is suspected, Breathes fast and deep for 5-6 breaths, then more slowly and shallowly, then is apneic for 10 seconds. The pattern repeats over and over.
Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Left sympathetic innervation to the eye
Horner’s Syndrome involving left eye
Most useful to you in planning the timing of breeding
Serial progesterone testing
Lateral digit is swollen and the nail is deviated ventrally, with ulceration of the nail bed. A lytic bone lesion
Squamous cell carcinoma
Thoracic limb had decreased tone, pelvic limbs had hyper-reflective reflexes
C6-T2 lesion
Licking the anal area and scooting plus numerous ulcerated tracts in the perianal area that are draining purulent fluid.
Perianal fistula
Non-productive retching, severe abdominal pain
Mesenteric volvulus
upper motor neuron signs in the thoracic and pelvic limbs
C1-C5 lesion
upper motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs.
T3-L3 lesion
normal thoracic limbs and lower motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs
L4-S3
eyelid, lip, or ear and dryness of the eyes and mouth.
CN7
Dysphagia, dyphonia, and stridor
CN10
Most common cause of Horner’s syndrome
Idiopathic
Sign: Small, lumpy bumpy kidneys. Single most common cause of significant hypokalaemia in cats.
Dx : Hypokalemia, hyperphosphatemia, anemia, Azotemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism
Rx: Appetite stimulants, Anti-emetics, Fluids, K+ supplementation
Chronic kidney disease
Sign: Young, history of bites, fight, grooming, weight loss, fever, lethargy, anorexia. Anterior uveitis + hyphema
Dx: Anemia (non-regenerative), leukopenia, neutropenia thrombocytopenia, IFA - To confirm a positive ELISA Test.
Prev./Rx: Separation from seronegative cats, prednisolone
FELV
Sign: Anterior uveitis, Pupil will have a “reverse D shape” +/- glaucoma Anemia (non-regenerative), leukopenia, neutropenia
thrombocytopenia
Dx: ELISA on serum, Western blot - To confirm a positive ELISA Test
FIV
Sign: Obese, anorexia, jaundice, Constipation or Diarrhea and Cervical ventroflexion, hepatoencephalopathy - will see drooling
Dx: ALP, Increase total bilirubin
Rx: nutritional support (lower protein), supportive care (Esophagostomy tube feeding), Avoid glucocorticoids
Hepatic lipidosis
Predisposes cats to hypertension. Rx. Calcitriol
CKD
Sign: Middle-aged to older cat, Weight loss with an increased appetite, Murmur/tachycardia/arrhythmia, Palpable thyroid nodules Dx – Total T4
Dx: Euthyroid sickness – Free T4 test
Rx: Gold standard rx - I-131, Others - Methimazole
hyperthyroidism
Diabetes mellitus, Cardiomyopathy, Renal disease
Associated with acromegaly
Cervical ventroflexion (Generalized weakness)
Low potassium
- Resolution of clinical signs after beginning insulin treatment. Clinical diabetes mellitus may or may not recur in the future.
Diabetic remission (Transient diabetes)
Rhodococcus equi. Rx
Erythromycin, rifampin
Rx for Gigardia
fenbendazole or metronidazole.
thoracic limb lameness that is aggravated by exercise
Osteochondrosis
