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NAVLE - Zuku & other material > NAVLE - O.O.O's Review 19 > Flashcards

NAVLE - O.O.O's Review 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Most common location of Enterolith in horse –

A

Transverse colon

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2
Q

Strep. Equi zooepidemicus –

A

Endocarditis

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3
Q

Respiratory signs in parakeets –

A

Thyroid hyperplasia

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4
Q
  • Pyogranulomatous inflammation with perivascular cuffing and vasculitis
A

FIP

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5
Q

Aqueous flare, uveitis –

A

Toxoplasma

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6
Q

– Pruritic, alopecia, crusting. smears show eosinophils, neutrophils, and an occasional basophil

A

Demodicosis (Demodex mites)

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7
Q

– Decreased fecal production

A

Volvulus

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8
Q
  • Depigmentation, erythema, and ulceration of the nasal planum
A

Cutaneous lymphoma

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9
Q
  • Cranial nerves that are damaged when a young horse flips over backward
A

CN 7,8

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10
Q
  • Zinc toxicity from penny ingestion
A

Hemolysis

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11
Q

– Aortic regurgitation

A

Older horses

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12
Q
  • Abortion storms in mares that occur 4 months after foals
A

Herpes

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13
Q

– First-line therapy for lymphoma

A

Prednisone

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14
Q
  • Flea medication is safe for dogs, cats, and rabbits
A

Afoxolaner

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15
Q
  • Most appropriate treatment for panosteitis
A

Carprofen

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16
Q
  • A 4-day old foal w/abdominal distension, depression, tachycardia, tachypnea, and frequent attempts at producing very little urine
A

Uroperitoneum

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17
Q

– Pruritus, bath with shampoo containing chlorhexidine

A

Atopic dermatitis

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18
Q
  • Draining cutaneous nodules and signs of respiratory disease (Dry, harsh lung sounds from lung lesions) DX: Thick walled yeast, Rx: Itraconazole
A

Blastomycosis

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19
Q

– Ticks, intermittent/ shifting lameness, fever, anorexia, lethargy, and lymphadenopathy with or without swollen, painful joints. DX: CS, serology, PCR. Rx: DCN, Amoxycillin

A

Borreliosis (Lyme disease)

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20
Q
  • A transient fever, serous nasal discharge, mucopurulent ocular discharge, localized involuntary muscle twitching (myoclonus), convulsions, including salivation and chewing movements of the jaw
A

Canine distemper

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21
Q
  • young (6 week to 6 month old), unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated, vomiting and hemorrhagic small-bowel diarrhea, living in or newly acquired from a shelter or breeding kennel Dx. PCR
A

Canine parvovirus

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22
Q
  • diarrhea is the most common clinical sign of infection in kittens
A

Corona virus

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23
Q

– Ticks, Fever and a lameness that shifts from one leg to another may be present, generalized lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, uveitis, renal failure. Rx. DCN. Dx. CS, serology, PCR

A

Ehrlichiosis

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24
Q
  • Coughing, exercise intolerance, failure to grow, labored breathing, spitting up blood, fainting. Dx: Antigen detection test, echocardiography, chest x-ray. Rx: melarosomine
A

Heartworm disease

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25
Q
  • Diarrhea, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, corneal edema, erythematous rash, disseminated FOCAL necrosis and hemorrhages in the lungs, kidneys, adrenal glands, liver, and GI tract. Dx. PCR
A

Herpes virus

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26
Q

(salmonella, cryptospordiosis, campylobacter):

A

Infectious bowel disease

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27
Q
  • Acute diarrhea with septicemia, abortion. Dx: PCR, Rx: Trimethoprim-sulfonamide, ampicillin, fluoroquinolones, or third-generation cephalosporins.
A

Salmonella

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28
Q
  • Acute kidney injury, vomiting, abdominal pain, and polyuria. Consider in any dog with previously diagnosed chronic kidney disease that develops acute-on-chronic kidney injury. Jaundice, effusions, and petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages on any organ. Rx. DCN
A

Leptospirosis

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29
Q
  • Acute behavioral changes and unexplained progressive paralysis. Furious form: classic “mad-dog syndrome,” Paralytic form: Profuse salivation and the inability to swallow. DX: Real-time PCR of brain
A

Rabies

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30
Q
  • Petechial hemorrhages of the retina, conjunctiva and oral mucosa, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia. DX. PCR, IFA, ELISA. Rx. DCN
A

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

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31
Q

– Ticks, change or loss of voice, lack of coordination of the hind legs. Rx Canine tick hyperimmune serum, tick removal

A

Tick paralysis

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32
Q
  • Singe marks (Medial aspect) on or damage to the carcass, damage to the immediate environment, or both, occur in ~90% of cases of lightning stroke
A

Electric shock

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33
Q
  • ingestion of radiator antifreeze. Signs: metabolic acidosis, an increased anion gap, Calcium oxalate crystalluria Rx: inducing vomiting or flushing the stomach (or both), activated charcoal and sodium sulfate. Rx: 4-MP, fomepizole, 20%, ethanol boluses, or 30% ethanol constant-rate infusion
A

Ethylene glycol toxicity

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34
Q

– Barbiturates - Pentobarbital

A

Euthanasia

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35
Q
  • A true hernia is defined as having a hernia ring, sac, and contents. Examples: Diaphragmatic – Common in Holstein Friesian, Umbilical - In many cases, umbilical hernia is seen in dogs with concurrent cryptorchidism. Inguinal or scrotal hernias are common in pigs, horses (particularly draft breeds and warmbloods). Signs: inguinal or scrotal swelling to acute colic, vomiting if the intestine is strangulated. Pleuroperitoneal hernias - Hernial sac protrudes into the thorax in the left dorsal tendinous portion of the diaphragm. Peritoneopericardial hernias - embryologic defect in the failure of fusion of the septum transversum during diaphragmatic development, allowing communication between the abdominal cavity and pericardial sac.
A

Hernias

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36
Q
  • Inadequate urinary excretion of ingested potassium. Common with urinary tract obstruction and bladder rupture, and hypoadrenocortism. Signs include, generalized muscle weakness, depression, and cardiac conduction disturbances (Loss of P-waves), and widened QRS. Rx: isotonic saline or isotonic sodium bicarbonate solutions
A

Hyperkalemia

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37
Q
  • Increased bone resorption.
A

Hyperparathyroidism

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38
Q
  • Chronic renal failure is probably the most frequently encountered cause – Malignancy - neoplasia (lymphosarcoma) is the most common cause, followed by Hypoadrenocorticism, primary hyperparathyroidism, and chronic renal failure. In cats, idiopathic hypercalcemia appears to be the most frequent cause of a high total calcium concentration, followed by renal failure and malignancy.
A

Hypocalcemia

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39
Q
  • ventroflexion of the head or recumbency, generalized muscle weakness and depression; decreased GI motility. Rx. Oral administration of 60–120 g of potassium chloride (KCl)
A

Hypokalemia

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40
Q
  • Lead-based paint, weights, and batteries. Signs: colic, vomiting, and diarrhea or constipation, blindness, head pressing, lack of coordination, muscle spasms. Rx: Ca-EDTA, Succimer (Chelating agent), Thiamine, d-Penicillamine
A

Lead poisoning

41
Q
  • pain in the lower back. decreased willingness to jump up and climb upstairs, low tail carriage or reduced tail wagging, difficulty posturing to defecate, and whimpering/crying if the lower back is touched. Rx. dorsal laminectomy
A

Cauda equina syndrome

42
Q
  • ILL, diestrual bitch or queen, especially if polydipsia, polyuria, or vomiting is present. Rx. Spaying
    Cataracts - lens becomes cloudy or opaque, which effectively blocks light from reaching the retina
A

Pyometra

43
Q

Signs: PU, PD, PP, Panting, Potbellied, truncal alopecia, thin skin

Dx: Hypercholesterolemia, increase ALP, Stress leukogram (neutrophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia), thrombocytosis
ACTH stimulation test, taurine cortisol-to-creatinine ratio, endogenous ACTH (increased with PDH

Rx: Trilostane, Lysodren, bilateral adrenalectomy; for ADH

A

Hyper adrenocorticism

44
Q

Sign: Hyponatremia and hypochloremia, weight loss, Emesis, diarrhea, anorexia, normocytic, normochromic anemia. Weakness and lethargy, severe weight loss, . A chemistry panel shows a Na+ = 130 mEq/L (142-152 mEq/L), K+ = 6.5 mEq/L (3.9-5.1 mEq/L)sodium:potassium ratio of <25:1. Spiking of the T wave, a flattening or absence of the P wave, a prolonged PR interval, and a widening of the QRS complex

DX: ACTH stimulation test is main focus of successful treatment involves rapid restoration of blood volume and correction of electrolyte/acid-base disorders.
Rx: Main focus of successful treatment involves rapid restoration of blood volume and correction of electrolyte/acid-base disorders.

A

Hypo adrenocorticism

45
Q

Sign: Weight gain, tragic facial expression, alopecia (truncal symmetrical, rat tail), cold intolerance
Dx: Hyperlipidemia, decreased Total T4, Hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia
Rx: Levothyroxine

A

Hypothyroidism

46
Q

Sign: PU, PD, PP, Weight loss, if diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) – vomiting, inappetence, lethargy
Dx: Serum chemistry/ Urinalysis, Fructosamine rules out stress-induced hyperglycemia
Rx: Long-acting insulin (NPH, Vetsulin), if ketoacidosis – regular insulin. Increase dietary fiber

A

Diabetes mellitus

47
Q

Sign: Unvaccinated adult/ pups, vomiting, hemorrhagic enteritis
Dx: Hypo – albuminemia, glycemia, kalemia, pre renal azotemia, leukopenia, neutropenia
Rx: Fluid therapy, abrx

A

Parvoviral enteritis

48
Q

Sign: Honking cough, ends in retching. Increase by excitement
Dx: Fluoroscopy, endoscopy
Rx: Corticosteroids

A

Collapsing trachea

49
Q

Sign: Regurgitation and vomiting, dry cough, noisy breathing, stridor, collapse
Dx: pneumothorax-laryngoscopy

A

Laryngeal paralysis

50
Q

Sign: Pain in/Arched neck/ back, head held down, ataxia, paraparesis, tetraparesis
Dx: MRI, CT, Myelography, radiographs
Rx: NSAID, steroids, surgery, cage rest

A

IVDD

51
Q

Sign: Icterus, discolored urine (Hemoglobinuria, bilirubinuria), regenerative anemia, spherocytes
Dx: Coombs test, CBC, PCR
Rx: Blood transfusion, Immunosuppression –Prednisone, azathioprine, cyclosporine, mycophenolate

A

IMHA

52
Q

Sign: Older, large breeds
Dx: Double bubble, Gas distended pylorus
Rx: Decompress, trocharize, orogastric tube, Gastropexy, opiods, abrx

A

GDV

53
Q

Signs: Older, large breeds
Dx: Double bubble, Gas distended pylorus
Rx: Decompress, trocharize, orogastric tube, Gastropexy, opiods, abrx

A

Tapes

54
Q

Signs: Diarrhea. May contain mucus or blood. Unsanitary and stressful conditions
Dx: Isospora can be identified in fresh feces. Fecal immunoassay, PCR
Rx: Isospora with sulfadimethoxine, trimethoprim-sulfa, or furazolidone. Cryptosporidium with azithromycin

A

Coccidia

55
Q

Giardia cysts

A

Rx: Metronidazole

56
Q

Sign: Milk borne, ingestion of infective larvae, skin penetration by infective larvae. Melena, bloody diarrhea, pallor, emaciation
Dx: Fecal flotation
Rx: Pyrantel pamoate

A

Ancylostoma caninum

57
Q

Dx: Whips, Ova can be identified on fecal flotation.
Rx: Fenbendazole

A

(Trichuris vulpis)

58
Q

Sign: Intestinal malabsorption and large volume of feces, steatorrhea, and weight loss
Dx: microscopic examination of feces or a fecal immunoassay for antigen
Rx: fenbendazole

A

Gigardia

59
Q

Signs: Extremely pruritic. Crusts, Excoriations. Lesions in Ear margins, lateral hocks and elbows, ventral abdomen, chest
Dx: Superficial skin scrapings
Rx: Ivermectin, selamectin,

A

Sarcoptes

60
Q

Sign: Intensely pruritic. Affects moist areas. Hyperpigmentation
Dx: Adhesive tape, Cytology - M. pachydermatis
Rx: Topical or oral antifungal agents, Antiseborrheic shampoos – Keto, itra, flu - conazole

A

Malassezia dermatitis

61
Q

Sign: PU, PD, Stumbling, renal failure, anti freeze, increase BUN, creatine
Dx: Ca oxalate crystals, high anion gap, isothenuria, woods lamp exam,
Rx: Fomepizole, 7% Ethanol

A

Ethylene glycol

62
Q

Sign: Pruritus of feet, face, ears, legs, no mites on exam, secondary infection with Staphylococcus and Malassezia spp are common
Dx: Allergy testing – Increase IgE
Rx/ Prevention: Avoid allergens

A

Atopic Dermatitis

63
Q

Sign: Intact female, vomiting, distended abdomen
Dx: Abdominal radiograph/ ultrasonography shows the fluid-filled uterus
Rx: OVH

A

Pyometra

64
Q

Sign: Most common in large- and giant breed. Bunny hopping gait, hind limb lameness, audible clicking when walking subluxation of the coxofemoral joints, Shallow acetabulum, positive Ortolani,
Dx: Radiation – flattened acetabulum/ femoral head
Rx: NSAID, Analgesic (Tramadol, gabapentin), supplements (Glucosamine, chrondritin, omega 3)

A

Hip dysplasia

65
Q

Sign: Typically < 2 years, shifting leg lameness, Long bone pain, multiple long bones have increased medullary opacity Dx: Radiation
Rx: Analgesia – NSAID, tramadol, opiods

A

Panostetitis

66
Q

Joint effusion, decreased range of motion

A

OCD

67
Q

Common in small breeds, patella pops out of its groove and moves to one side or the other when the knee is extended

A

Luxating patella

68
Q

Sign: Pelvic limb lameness in 3-12 mo
Dx: Avascular necrosis of femoral head, Loss of bone opacity in femoral epiphysis, widening of joint space, flattening of femoral head/ moth eaten appearance of femoral neck
Rx: NSAID, Femoral head ostectomy, total hip replacement, NSAID

A

Aseptic necrosis of femoral head (Legge-Perthes disease)

69
Q

Sign: Acute lameness, Large/ giant breeds, rapidly growing and usually young < 8 MO,
Dx: Inflammation in the growth plates of the long bones Analgesia –
Rx: NSAID, tramadol, opioids

A

HOD

70
Q

Sign: Acute onset of rear-limb lameness, usually during exercise. Clicking sound from the joint on flexion and extension (meniscal cartilage tear).
Dx: Cranial drawer sign. Tibial compression: CCL laxity
Rx: Lateral retinacula imbrication technique:

A

CCL rupture

71
Q

Sign: OSA is usually found in metaphysis – mostly radius. Pulmonary Metastases is common
Dx: Elevated ALP
Rx: Amputation with chemotherapy -

A

Osteosarcoma

72
Q

Sign: Rhinitis, nasal discharge, cough, Enamel hypoplasia, hyperkeratosis of the nose and footpads Clinical signs in unvaccinated young dogs. Lymphopenia, neutrophilic
leukocytosis, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies

A

Canine distemper

73
Q

Sign: Acute kidney injury, icterus, vomiting, abdominal pain, polyuria, oliguria, or anuria. Increased bilirubin and ALP. Transmission via contact with urine and body fluids
Dx: Urinalysis, CBC, MAT (preferred), PCR, Elisa
Rx: Penicillin, doxycycline

A

Lepto

74
Q

Sign: Palpable mass, weight loss, 85% chance of metastasis
Dx: Cytology, biopsy,

A

Mammary Gland Tumors

75
Q

Sign: Cutaneous or SC mass, GI signs (vomiting, diarrhea, melena) related to mast cell degranulation
Dx: Blue/ purple staining intracellular granules, Histopath, CBC
Rx: Chemo

A

Mast cell tumors

76
Q

Direct fluorescent antibody test

A

Rabies dx

77
Q

Sign: Cloudy white pupil, decreased vision
Dx: Blood/ urine glucose, ocular ultrasonography, Electroretinography
Rx: Surgery

A

Cataracts

78
Q

Sign: Red, cloudy, big blue eyes, tortuous episcleral vessels
Dx: IOP > 30mmHg
Rx: Topical or systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, Topical beta adrenergic antagonist/ blocker, Mannitol, surgery (enucleation)

A

Glaucoma

79
Q

Sign: Conjunctival hyperemia (redness), blepharospasm, photophobia, aqueous flare (cloudiness of aqueous humor)
Dx: Tonometry, IOP<10mmHg
Rx: Topical/ systemic corticosteroids/ atropine, NSAID

A

Uveitis

80
Q

Sign: Aqueous tear deficiency and usually results in persistent, mucopurulent conjunctivitis and corneal ulceration and scarring.
Dx: Schirmer tear
Rx: Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, pimecrolimus

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)

81
Q

Sign: Reddish pinkish mass at medial canthus
Rx: Surgical replacement of 3rd eyelid

A

Cherry eye

82
Q

Painful exophthalmos

A

Retrobulbar abscess

83
Q

Sign: History of a recent high-fat meal, dietary indiscretion, fed table scraps/ access to garbage. Common sign is vomiting and abdominal pain.
Dx: Increase in PLI, Serum amylase and lipase, hyperlipidemia, enlarged hypoechoic pancreas
Rx: Ultrasonography, biopsy, Feed a diet restricted in fat and protein. Fentanyl, lidnocaine, bupenorphine

A

Pancreatitis

84
Q

Sign: Loud, hacking cough, naso-ocular discharge. Mostly, dogs confined in facilities (shelter, daycare, parks) with
poor ventilation.
Rx: doxycycline, amoxicillin, gentamycin, butorphanol, or azithromycin

A

Kennel cough

85
Q

Sign: Regurgitation of undigested food and water
Dx: contrast thoracic radiography
Rx: Feed frequent small meals with the animal in an upright position

A

Megaesophagus

86
Q

Sign: Regurgitation usually occurs immediately after eating
Dx: Radiography
Rx: Balloon catheter dilatation, Prednisolone

A

Esophageal stricture

87
Q

Sign: Three or more ventricular premature beats in a row
Dx: ECG
Rx: Digoxin, Lidocaine, procainamide, mexiletine, or beta blockers

A

Ventricular tachycardia

88
Q

Sign: Loss of organized ventricular activity resulting in cardiac arrest
Dx: ECG
Rx: Transthoracic electrical cardioversion

A

Ventricular fibrillation

89
Q

Sign: Cough, exercise intolerance, weight loss, abdominal distension, tortuous pulmonary arteries
Dx: SNAP test, modified Knotts, enlarged, R. heart enlargement
Rx: DCN, Corticosteroids, melarsomine, surgery

A

Heartworm

90
Q

Sign: Cough, exercise intolerance, fainting, heart murmur/ arrhythmia
Dx: Dilated pulmonary veins/ edema, ascites, interstitial to alveolar lung changes, Echocardiography
Rx: Diuretics (Furosemide), pimobendan, enalapril, low salt/Na diet, Oxygen therapy

A

Heart failure

91
Q

Sign: Severe pruritus, live fleas seen, alopecia, warmer months, excessive self grooming
Dx: Flea combs, flea dirt
Rx: Flea adulticide

A

Flea allergy dermatitis

92
Q

Sign: Spontaneous hemorrhage or excessive bleeding after surgery or trauma.
Dx: Decreasing platelet count, low antithrombin activity, prolongation of aPTT, PT, TCT, and presence of schistocytes
Rx: Transfusion therapy, radiography to detect bleeding in body cavities, and laboratory findings

A

DIC

93
Q

Sign: Alopecia, erythema, erosions to ulcers with Crusts, pustules. Typically before 1 year of age
Dx: Histopathology, skin
Rx: Systemic antibiotic, Corticosteroid

A

Juvenile cellulitis (“puppy strangles”)

94
Q

Sign: Most common neoplasm in the spleen of the dog. Invasive, originates from endothelium of blood vessels. Most common in R. Atrium or auricle

Dx: Effusion, Echocardiogram

A

Hemangiosarcoma

95
Q

Sign: Younger animals – Parasites, Older - Neoplasia
Dx: Palpable mass in the abdomen.
Rx: Surgical exploration

A

Intussusception

96
Q

Sign: Licking of the perianal area, tenesmus, irritation, scooting
Dx: Rectal examination may reveal impacted and thickened anal sacs
Rx: Manual evacuation of anal sac contents

A

Anal sacculitis

97
Q

Sign: Mostly occurs in the lower urinary tract in dogs and cats
Rx: Surgery

A

Uroliths

98
Q

most common in cats

A

Calcium oxalate

99
Q

most common urolith in dogs

A

Struvite

NAVLE - Zuku & other material (20 decks)

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