NAVLE - O.O.O's Review 19 Flashcards
Most common location of Enterolith in horse –
Transverse colon
Strep. Equi zooepidemicus –
Endocarditis
Respiratory signs in parakeets –
Thyroid hyperplasia
- Pyogranulomatous inflammation with perivascular cuffing and vasculitis
FIP
Aqueous flare, uveitis –
Toxoplasma
– Pruritic, alopecia, crusting. smears show eosinophils, neutrophils, and an occasional basophil
Demodicosis (Demodex mites)
– Decreased fecal production
Volvulus
- Depigmentation, erythema, and ulceration of the nasal planum
Cutaneous lymphoma
- Cranial nerves that are damaged when a young horse flips over backward
CN 7,8
- Zinc toxicity from penny ingestion
Hemolysis
– Aortic regurgitation
Older horses
- Abortion storms in mares that occur 4 months after foals
Herpes
– First-line therapy for lymphoma
Prednisone
- Flea medication is safe for dogs, cats, and rabbits
Afoxolaner
- Most appropriate treatment for panosteitis
Carprofen
- A 4-day old foal w/abdominal distension, depression, tachycardia, tachypnea, and frequent attempts at producing very little urine
Uroperitoneum
– Pruritus, bath with shampoo containing chlorhexidine
Atopic dermatitis
- Draining cutaneous nodules and signs of respiratory disease (Dry, harsh lung sounds from lung lesions) DX: Thick walled yeast, Rx: Itraconazole
Blastomycosis
– Ticks, intermittent/ shifting lameness, fever, anorexia, lethargy, and lymphadenopathy with or without swollen, painful joints. DX: CS, serology, PCR. Rx: DCN, Amoxycillin
Borreliosis (Lyme disease)
- A transient fever, serous nasal discharge, mucopurulent ocular discharge, localized involuntary muscle twitching (myoclonus), convulsions, including salivation and chewing movements of the jaw
Canine distemper
- young (6 week to 6 month old), unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated, vomiting and hemorrhagic small-bowel diarrhea, living in or newly acquired from a shelter or breeding kennel Dx. PCR
Canine parvovirus
- diarrhea is the most common clinical sign of infection in kittens
Corona virus
– Ticks, Fever and a lameness that shifts from one leg to another may be present, generalized lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, uveitis, renal failure. Rx. DCN. Dx. CS, serology, PCR
Ehrlichiosis
- Coughing, exercise intolerance, failure to grow, labored breathing, spitting up blood, fainting. Dx: Antigen detection test, echocardiography, chest x-ray. Rx: melarosomine
Heartworm disease
- Diarrhea, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, corneal edema, erythematous rash, disseminated FOCAL necrosis and hemorrhages in the lungs, kidneys, adrenal glands, liver, and GI tract. Dx. PCR
Herpes virus
(salmonella, cryptospordiosis, campylobacter):
Infectious bowel disease
- Acute diarrhea with septicemia, abortion. Dx: PCR, Rx: Trimethoprim-sulfonamide, ampicillin, fluoroquinolones, or third-generation cephalosporins.
Salmonella
- Acute kidney injury, vomiting, abdominal pain, and polyuria. Consider in any dog with previously diagnosed chronic kidney disease that develops acute-on-chronic kidney injury. Jaundice, effusions, and petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages on any organ. Rx. DCN
Leptospirosis
- Acute behavioral changes and unexplained progressive paralysis. Furious form: classic “mad-dog syndrome,” Paralytic form: Profuse salivation and the inability to swallow. DX: Real-time PCR of brain
Rabies
- Petechial hemorrhages of the retina, conjunctiva and oral mucosa, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia. DX. PCR, IFA, ELISA. Rx. DCN
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
– Ticks, change or loss of voice, lack of coordination of the hind legs. Rx Canine tick hyperimmune serum, tick removal
Tick paralysis
- Singe marks (Medial aspect) on or damage to the carcass, damage to the immediate environment, or both, occur in ~90% of cases of lightning stroke
Electric shock
- ingestion of radiator antifreeze. Signs: metabolic acidosis, an increased anion gap, Calcium oxalate crystalluria Rx: inducing vomiting or flushing the stomach (or both), activated charcoal and sodium sulfate. Rx: 4-MP, fomepizole, 20%, ethanol boluses, or 30% ethanol constant-rate infusion
Ethylene glycol toxicity
– Barbiturates - Pentobarbital
Euthanasia
- A true hernia is defined as having a hernia ring, sac, and contents. Examples: Diaphragmatic – Common in Holstein Friesian, Umbilical - In many cases, umbilical hernia is seen in dogs with concurrent cryptorchidism. Inguinal or scrotal hernias are common in pigs, horses (particularly draft breeds and warmbloods). Signs: inguinal or scrotal swelling to acute colic, vomiting if the intestine is strangulated. Pleuroperitoneal hernias - Hernial sac protrudes into the thorax in the left dorsal tendinous portion of the diaphragm. Peritoneopericardial hernias - embryologic defect in the failure of fusion of the septum transversum during diaphragmatic development, allowing communication between the abdominal cavity and pericardial sac.
Hernias
- Inadequate urinary excretion of ingested potassium. Common with urinary tract obstruction and bladder rupture, and hypoadrenocortism. Signs include, generalized muscle weakness, depression, and cardiac conduction disturbances (Loss of P-waves), and widened QRS. Rx: isotonic saline or isotonic sodium bicarbonate solutions
Hyperkalemia
- Increased bone resorption.
Hyperparathyroidism
- Chronic renal failure is probably the most frequently encountered cause – Malignancy - neoplasia (lymphosarcoma) is the most common cause, followed by Hypoadrenocorticism, primary hyperparathyroidism, and chronic renal failure. In cats, idiopathic hypercalcemia appears to be the most frequent cause of a high total calcium concentration, followed by renal failure and malignancy.
Hypocalcemia
- ventroflexion of the head or recumbency, generalized muscle weakness and depression; decreased GI motility. Rx. Oral administration of 60–120 g of potassium chloride (KCl)
Hypokalemia
- Lead-based paint, weights, and batteries. Signs: colic, vomiting, and diarrhea or constipation, blindness, head pressing, lack of coordination, muscle spasms. Rx: Ca-EDTA, Succimer (Chelating agent), Thiamine, d-Penicillamine
Lead poisoning
- pain in the lower back. decreased willingness to jump up and climb upstairs, low tail carriage or reduced tail wagging, difficulty posturing to defecate, and whimpering/crying if the lower back is touched. Rx. dorsal laminectomy
Cauda equina syndrome
- ILL, diestrual bitch or queen, especially if polydipsia, polyuria, or vomiting is present. Rx. Spaying
Cataracts - lens becomes cloudy or opaque, which effectively blocks light from reaching the retina
Pyometra
Signs: PU, PD, PP, Panting, Potbellied, truncal alopecia, thin skin
Dx: Hypercholesterolemia, increase ALP, Stress leukogram (neutrophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia), thrombocytosis
ACTH stimulation test, taurine cortisol-to-creatinine ratio, endogenous ACTH (increased with PDH
Rx: Trilostane, Lysodren, bilateral adrenalectomy; for ADH
Hyper adrenocorticism
Sign: Hyponatremia and hypochloremia, weight loss, Emesis, diarrhea, anorexia, normocytic, normochromic anemia. Weakness and lethargy, severe weight loss, . A chemistry panel shows a Na+ = 130 mEq/L (142-152 mEq/L), K+ = 6.5 mEq/L (3.9-5.1 mEq/L)sodium:potassium ratio of <25:1. Spiking of the T wave, a flattening or absence of the P wave, a prolonged PR interval, and a widening of the QRS complex
DX: ACTH stimulation test is main focus of successful treatment involves rapid restoration of blood volume and correction of electrolyte/acid-base disorders.
Rx: Main focus of successful treatment involves rapid restoration of blood volume and correction of electrolyte/acid-base disorders.
Hypo adrenocorticism
Sign: Weight gain, tragic facial expression, alopecia (truncal symmetrical, rat tail), cold intolerance
Dx: Hyperlipidemia, decreased Total T4, Hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia
Rx: Levothyroxine
Hypothyroidism
Sign: PU, PD, PP, Weight loss, if diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) – vomiting, inappetence, lethargy
Dx: Serum chemistry/ Urinalysis, Fructosamine rules out stress-induced hyperglycemia
Rx: Long-acting insulin (NPH, Vetsulin), if ketoacidosis – regular insulin. Increase dietary fiber
Diabetes mellitus
Sign: Unvaccinated adult/ pups, vomiting, hemorrhagic enteritis
Dx: Hypo – albuminemia, glycemia, kalemia, pre renal azotemia, leukopenia, neutropenia
Rx: Fluid therapy, abrx
Parvoviral enteritis
Sign: Honking cough, ends in retching. Increase by excitement
Dx: Fluoroscopy, endoscopy
Rx: Corticosteroids
Collapsing trachea
Sign: Regurgitation and vomiting, dry cough, noisy breathing, stridor, collapse
Dx: pneumothorax-laryngoscopy
Laryngeal paralysis
Sign: Pain in/Arched neck/ back, head held down, ataxia, paraparesis, tetraparesis
Dx: MRI, CT, Myelography, radiographs
Rx: NSAID, steroids, surgery, cage rest
IVDD
Sign: Icterus, discolored urine (Hemoglobinuria, bilirubinuria), regenerative anemia, spherocytes
Dx: Coombs test, CBC, PCR
Rx: Blood transfusion, Immunosuppression –Prednisone, azathioprine, cyclosporine, mycophenolate
IMHA
Sign: Older, large breeds
Dx: Double bubble, Gas distended pylorus
Rx: Decompress, trocharize, orogastric tube, Gastropexy, opiods, abrx
GDV
Signs: Older, large breeds
Dx: Double bubble, Gas distended pylorus
Rx: Decompress, trocharize, orogastric tube, Gastropexy, opiods, abrx
Tapes
Signs: Diarrhea. May contain mucus or blood. Unsanitary and stressful conditions
Dx: Isospora can be identified in fresh feces. Fecal immunoassay, PCR
Rx: Isospora with sulfadimethoxine, trimethoprim-sulfa, or furazolidone. Cryptosporidium with azithromycin
Coccidia
Giardia cysts
Rx: Metronidazole
Sign: Milk borne, ingestion of infective larvae, skin penetration by infective larvae. Melena, bloody diarrhea, pallor, emaciation
Dx: Fecal flotation
Rx: Pyrantel pamoate
Ancylostoma caninum
Dx: Whips, Ova can be identified on fecal flotation.
Rx: Fenbendazole
(Trichuris vulpis)
Sign: Intestinal malabsorption and large volume of feces, steatorrhea, and weight loss
Dx: microscopic examination of feces or a fecal immunoassay for antigen
Rx: fenbendazole
Gigardia
Signs: Extremely pruritic. Crusts, Excoriations. Lesions in Ear margins, lateral hocks and elbows, ventral abdomen, chest
Dx: Superficial skin scrapings
Rx: Ivermectin, selamectin,
Sarcoptes
Sign: Intensely pruritic. Affects moist areas. Hyperpigmentation
Dx: Adhesive tape, Cytology - M. pachydermatis
Rx: Topical or oral antifungal agents, Antiseborrheic shampoos – Keto, itra, flu - conazole
Malassezia dermatitis
Sign: PU, PD, Stumbling, renal failure, anti freeze, increase BUN, creatine
Dx: Ca oxalate crystals, high anion gap, isothenuria, woods lamp exam,
Rx: Fomepizole, 7% Ethanol
Ethylene glycol
Sign: Pruritus of feet, face, ears, legs, no mites on exam, secondary infection with Staphylococcus and Malassezia spp are common
Dx: Allergy testing – Increase IgE
Rx/ Prevention: Avoid allergens
Atopic Dermatitis
Sign: Intact female, vomiting, distended abdomen
Dx: Abdominal radiograph/ ultrasonography shows the fluid-filled uterus
Rx: OVH
Pyometra
Sign: Most common in large- and giant breed. Bunny hopping gait, hind limb lameness, audible clicking when walking subluxation of the coxofemoral joints, Shallow acetabulum, positive Ortolani,
Dx: Radiation – flattened acetabulum/ femoral head
Rx: NSAID, Analgesic (Tramadol, gabapentin), supplements (Glucosamine, chrondritin, omega 3)
Hip dysplasia
Sign: Typically < 2 years, shifting leg lameness, Long bone pain, multiple long bones have increased medullary opacity Dx: Radiation
Rx: Analgesia – NSAID, tramadol, opiods
Panostetitis
Joint effusion, decreased range of motion
OCD
Common in small breeds, patella pops out of its groove and moves to one side or the other when the knee is extended
Luxating patella
Sign: Pelvic limb lameness in 3-12 mo
Dx: Avascular necrosis of femoral head, Loss of bone opacity in femoral epiphysis, widening of joint space, flattening of femoral head/ moth eaten appearance of femoral neck
Rx: NSAID, Femoral head ostectomy, total hip replacement, NSAID
Aseptic necrosis of femoral head (Legge-Perthes disease)
Sign: Acute lameness, Large/ giant breeds, rapidly growing and usually young < 8 MO,
Dx: Inflammation in the growth plates of the long bones Analgesia –
Rx: NSAID, tramadol, opioids
HOD
Sign: Acute onset of rear-limb lameness, usually during exercise. Clicking sound from the joint on flexion and extension (meniscal cartilage tear).
Dx: Cranial drawer sign. Tibial compression: CCL laxity
Rx: Lateral retinacula imbrication technique:
CCL rupture
Sign: OSA is usually found in metaphysis – mostly radius. Pulmonary Metastases is common
Dx: Elevated ALP
Rx: Amputation with chemotherapy -
Osteosarcoma
Sign: Rhinitis, nasal discharge, cough, Enamel hypoplasia, hyperkeratosis of the nose and footpads Clinical signs in unvaccinated young dogs. Lymphopenia, neutrophilic
leukocytosis, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
Canine distemper
Sign: Acute kidney injury, icterus, vomiting, abdominal pain, polyuria, oliguria, or anuria. Increased bilirubin and ALP. Transmission via contact with urine and body fluids
Dx: Urinalysis, CBC, MAT (preferred), PCR, Elisa
Rx: Penicillin, doxycycline
Lepto
Sign: Palpable mass, weight loss, 85% chance of metastasis
Dx: Cytology, biopsy,
Mammary Gland Tumors
Sign: Cutaneous or SC mass, GI signs (vomiting, diarrhea, melena) related to mast cell degranulation
Dx: Blue/ purple staining intracellular granules, Histopath, CBC
Rx: Chemo
Mast cell tumors
Direct fluorescent antibody test
Rabies dx
Sign: Cloudy white pupil, decreased vision
Dx: Blood/ urine glucose, ocular ultrasonography, Electroretinography
Rx: Surgery
Cataracts
Sign: Red, cloudy, big blue eyes, tortuous episcleral vessels
Dx: IOP > 30mmHg
Rx: Topical or systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, Topical beta adrenergic antagonist/ blocker, Mannitol, surgery (enucleation)
Glaucoma
Sign: Conjunctival hyperemia (redness), blepharospasm, photophobia, aqueous flare (cloudiness of aqueous humor)
Dx: Tonometry, IOP<10mmHg
Rx: Topical/ systemic corticosteroids/ atropine, NSAID
Uveitis
Sign: Aqueous tear deficiency and usually results in persistent, mucopurulent conjunctivitis and corneal ulceration and scarring.
Dx: Schirmer tear
Rx: Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, pimecrolimus
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)
Sign: Reddish pinkish mass at medial canthus
Rx: Surgical replacement of 3rd eyelid
Cherry eye
Painful exophthalmos
Retrobulbar abscess
Sign: History of a recent high-fat meal, dietary indiscretion, fed table scraps/ access to garbage. Common sign is vomiting and abdominal pain.
Dx: Increase in PLI, Serum amylase and lipase, hyperlipidemia, enlarged hypoechoic pancreas
Rx: Ultrasonography, biopsy, Feed a diet restricted in fat and protein. Fentanyl, lidnocaine, bupenorphine
Pancreatitis
Sign: Loud, hacking cough, naso-ocular discharge. Mostly, dogs confined in facilities (shelter, daycare, parks) with
poor ventilation.
Rx: doxycycline, amoxicillin, gentamycin, butorphanol, or azithromycin
Kennel cough
Sign: Regurgitation of undigested food and water
Dx: contrast thoracic radiography
Rx: Feed frequent small meals with the animal in an upright position
Megaesophagus
Sign: Regurgitation usually occurs immediately after eating
Dx: Radiography
Rx: Balloon catheter dilatation, Prednisolone
Esophageal stricture
Sign: Three or more ventricular premature beats in a row
Dx: ECG
Rx: Digoxin, Lidocaine, procainamide, mexiletine, or beta blockers
Ventricular tachycardia
Sign: Loss of organized ventricular activity resulting in cardiac arrest
Dx: ECG
Rx: Transthoracic electrical cardioversion
Ventricular fibrillation
Sign: Cough, exercise intolerance, weight loss, abdominal distension, tortuous pulmonary arteries
Dx: SNAP test, modified Knotts, enlarged, R. heart enlargement
Rx: DCN, Corticosteroids, melarsomine, surgery
Heartworm
Sign: Cough, exercise intolerance, fainting, heart murmur/ arrhythmia
Dx: Dilated pulmonary veins/ edema, ascites, interstitial to alveolar lung changes, Echocardiography
Rx: Diuretics (Furosemide), pimobendan, enalapril, low salt/Na diet, Oxygen therapy
Heart failure
Sign: Severe pruritus, live fleas seen, alopecia, warmer months, excessive self grooming
Dx: Flea combs, flea dirt
Rx: Flea adulticide
Flea allergy dermatitis
Sign: Spontaneous hemorrhage or excessive bleeding after surgery or trauma.
Dx: Decreasing platelet count, low antithrombin activity, prolongation of aPTT, PT, TCT, and presence of schistocytes
Rx: Transfusion therapy, radiography to detect bleeding in body cavities, and laboratory findings
DIC
Sign: Alopecia, erythema, erosions to ulcers with Crusts, pustules. Typically before 1 year of age
Dx: Histopathology, skin
Rx: Systemic antibiotic, Corticosteroid
Juvenile cellulitis (“puppy strangles”)
Sign: Most common neoplasm in the spleen of the dog. Invasive, originates from endothelium of blood vessels. Most common in R. Atrium or auricle
Dx: Effusion, Echocardiogram
Hemangiosarcoma
Sign: Younger animals – Parasites, Older - Neoplasia
Dx: Palpable mass in the abdomen.
Rx: Surgical exploration
Intussusception
Sign: Licking of the perianal area, tenesmus, irritation, scooting
Dx: Rectal examination may reveal impacted and thickened anal sacs
Rx: Manual evacuation of anal sac contents
Anal sacculitis
Sign: Mostly occurs in the lower urinary tract in dogs and cats
Rx: Surgery
Uroliths
most common in cats
Calcium oxalate
most common urolith in dogs
Struvite
