Music 103 - Test 4/Final Flashcards
impressionism
- anti-german romanticism movement in France
- realistic effects through suggestion and impression
- went against all german ideals
post-romanticism
- acceptance to Wagner’s ideas
- looked to music of earlier times
- styles bridged 19th & 20th centuries
- primitivism, expressionism, Impressionism
primitivism
- second half of 20th century
- exoticism, non-western world
- unsophistication /simplicity –> works of art
- strong rhythms, dissonant combinations, narrow melodies, programmatic
- Paul Gaugin - The Day of the God
Strauss
- master of orchestration
- tonal harmony with extensive chromaticism, modulations, unresolved dissonances, frequently shifting rhythmic patterns
- orchestral works, tone poems, opera
Debussy
- effect –> more important than cause
- obscure tonality, unconventional approach, unusual instrument use, mod/expression supersede form
- wrote for piano
- whole tones, pentatonic
- influenced by travels
Gamelan
Indonesian orchestral band/rhythm
Stravinsky
- Russian, left at age 28
- composed music for ballets
- firebird, petrushka, le sacre du printemps
expressionism
- rise of the industrial revolution
- depicted cold/impersonal life
- interest in subconscious
- dark and abnormal –> highly emotional
- painting –> Van Gogh (starry night)
- literature –> strindberg
Schoenberg
- influenced by Brahms, Strauss, Wagner, Freud (psych)
- wrote atonal but preferred the term pan-tonality
twelve tone technique
- use all twelve tones
- glides from note to note
- emancipation of dissonance
cubism
- design with geometric planes and muted tones
- unrealistic but expressive
Ives
- experimentalism
- quarter tones, polytonality, space & chance
- General Putnam’s camp
Cowell
- experimentalism
- tone clusters, innovative use of piano (strings)
- The Banshee
Babbitt
- 12 tone pieces
- total serialism with mathematical relationships b/w musical elements, concrete music, recordings
- ensembles for synthesizers
indeterminate, aleatory, random, chance music
leaving significant components to be determined by performers or chance
Cage
- placed things inside piano (prepared piano)
- experimented with silence, audience participation, aleatory music
- The Perilous Night
Oliveros
- composer, accordionist, educator
- qualities of sound, avoided meter/pulse, not symmetric
- sound patterns
Penderecki
- traditional polish folk music w/ avant-garde concepts
- medieval & early music styles, tone clusters, strong concern for human suffering
- extended range of traditional instruments
- Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima
Machover
- synthesize acoustics & electronic sounds, hyperinstruments
- enhanced performance => led to Guitar Hero
- Flora
hyperinstruments
electronic enhancement of instruments to extend sound & capability
prepared piano
- things placed inside piano to alter sound
- didn’t know what sounds would be produced (chance sound)
les six
- Auric, Durey, Honegger, Milhaud, Poulenc, Tailleferre
- inspired by popular jazz cafe music heard in France
- typical french => wrote for entertainment
musicology
study of music
ethnomusicology
study of music w/ specific cultures
neoclassicism
- music b/w WWI & WWII
- classical, absolute, not programmatic, clear forms, balance, firm harmonies w/ 20th century sound , bitonal & polytonal chords/passages
- revivals of classical period music
- reflected the changes in social/political structure (1920s)
Prokofiev
- neoclassicist
- Russian composers were forbidden to use expressive compositions
- story telling/morals => peter and the wolf
Hindemith
- functional music (Gebrachsmusik), practical, strong harmonic use
- composed sonatas, solo concertos, music to accompany film/dance
- stir emotions => Trumpet sonata
Bartok
- child prodigy/hungarian composer
- Hungarian/other easter european countries folk music
- first ethnomusicologist => peasant music
- narrow melodies, sonorities, complicated arrangements, chords built on fourths, dissonance
- concerto for orchestra
Copeland
- studied with Boulanger in Paris
- influence of jazz, folk, tunes, hymns
- appalachian spring, fanfare for common man
Gershwin
- bridged gap between art & popular
- strong use of jazz
- rhapsody in blue
- porgy and bess => one of the earliest operas
Still
- experience of african americans in music
- racially mixed family
- first composition performed by a major symphony & first opera published
- Afro-American symphony Symphony => culture through music
Barber
- neoromanticism => new interpretation of romantic (emotions)
- diverse tonality, chromaticism, songlike, expressive
- Adagio for Strings
minimalism
repetitive (almost hypnotic) music based on western ideas but affected by non-western techniques
Riley
- pioneer of minimalistic music in 1960s
- incorporated elements of indian and jazz in compositions
- keyboard study no.1
Glass
- studied indian tala (rhythmic measure)
- composed music with tension b/w melody & rhythm in indian rather than western tradition
- Koyaanisgatsi
Reich
- studied in Ghana w/ Ewe tribe
- compositions influenced by african drumming o contrast with electronic music of the time
- clapping music, drumming
Adams
- used elements from north/south american music
- used texts from gospels, apocrypha, modern latin american poetry
- the cave, short ride in a fast machine
Ellen Taafee Zwilich
- 1st woman to win Pulitzer Prize in music
- composer => widely performed & recorded music
- Concerto Grosso 1985 –> chosen to write piece for the ceebration of 300th anniversary of Handel’s birth
- Symphony no.1
diagetic music
music that comes from within an object in film i.e. radio/tv
nondiagetic music
music heard by the audience (score)
film score
music that aides the movie and adds something to allow the audience to feel certain emotions/connect with film
theremin
earliest (~1920s) electronic musical instrument
- invented by Russian physicist
classic film score
orchestral
- John Williams
Williams
- romantic sound to popular favor
- symphony orchestra scores
- Indiana jones, harry potter, jaws
mainstream
main body of work of a given period
polymeter
use of more than one meter at a time
octave displacement
melodic concept involving the selection of pitches from various, sometimes distant, octaves
glissando
expressive slide between pitches
polyrhythm
two or more rhythmic patterns performed simultaneously
atonality
avoidance of a tonic note and of tonal relationships in music
row
series of tones on which serial composition is based
experimentalism
exploration of previous unknown aspects of musical sounds
quarter tone
interval halfway between half steps
polytonality
two or more keys at the same time
tone cluster
chord built on seconds
musique concrète (concrete music)
music consisting of recorded and electronically altered sounds
sample
recorded “natural” sound stored digitally and subject to electronic manipulation
modern dance
contemporary dance form, usually performed barefoot with steps/gestures/costumes freely designed for each work
symbolism
literary movement sharing the ideals of impressionists
musical comedy
musical show combining the entertainment of vaudeville with the integrated plot characteristic of operettas
ensemble finale
final scene of a music show, or of an act within the show, in which several soloists simultaneously express their individual points of view in different words and music
concept musical
musical show presenting ideas subject to the audience’s interpretation and leaving situations unresolved
sound track
all of the dialogue, sound effects, and music of a film
temp
- temporary film score, composed of existing music
- prepared to demonstrate the typeof music desired to a film’s composer
jazz
- popular style of music in early 20th century inspired by african-american culture
- different styles generally share dance beat, syncopated rhythm, improvisation
syncopation
occurrence of accents on weak beats or between beats
rag
piece in a ragtime
ragtime
popular piano style in which syncopated melody in right hand is accompanied by a regular dupe pattern in the bass
strain
melodic section of a march or rag
blues
- originated as kind of song and evolved to jazz
- classical form is strophic, twelve bars to each verse
blues notes
flexible tones chosen subjectively from between the half steps of tonal scales
scat
improvised singing on neutral/nonsense syllables
boogie-woogie
piano style derived from the formal and harmonic structure of blues with bright mood and fast tempo
combo
small jazz ensemble
New Orleans jazz
music performed by a small combo whose soloists take turns improvising on a given tune
Dixieland
white musicians version of New Orleans jazz
sweet jazz
high arranged style with little room for improvisation
symphonic jazz
concert music with the sounds of jazz but no improvisation
swing
highly improvisatory style of big band music also referred to as big band jazz
bebop
complex, highly improvised style of jazz
cool jazz
mild style, performed by bands of moderate size, often including instruments not typically associated with jazz
free jazz
style in which musicians improvise independently, sometimes producing a random effect
third stream
combination of jazz and concert music
jazz-rock, fusion, jazz-rock-fusion
melds rock rhythms and electronic instruments with collective improvisation, extreme ranges of volume, and rapid shifts in meter/tempo/mood that are not characteristic of rock
