BISC 102 - Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
tidal volume
A
amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath at rest
2
Q
vital capacity
A
total amount of air a person can exhale with taking the deepest breath possible
3
Q
respiration
A
need oxygen to gain energy and feed cells
4
Q
trachea
A
windpipe (beneath larynx)
5
Q
pharynx
A
throat
6
Q
larynx
A
box-like structure that produces voice
7
Q
vocal chords
A
elastic bands of tissue that vibrate as air passes to and from the lungs via the glottis
8
Q
bronchi
A
branches that lead to the lungs (2)
9
Q
bronchioles
A
finest branches of the lungs
10
Q
alveoli
A
little sacs of air at the end of the bronchioles where gas exchange occurs
11
Q
asthma
A
narrowing of bronchi where air can get in but cannot get out
- wheezing, short of breath, coughing
- no real cure > just treat symptoms
12
Q
smoking
A
irritates cell lining of bronchi/trachea and inhibits ability to remove foreign substances from airways
13
Q
heart
A
central pump of circulatory system made of four chambers
14
Q
vascular system
A
tubes/blood vessels connected to heart
15
Q
blood
A
circulating fluids of circulatory system
16
Q
blood - plasma
A
- primarily water
- proteins (antibodies), clotting factors, salts, gases, nutrients, waste, hormones
- exchanges water and dissolved substances with interstitial fluid
17
Q
blood - cells/cell fragments
A
- primarily red blood cells
- platelets, white blood cells
18
Q
blood pressure
A
force blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels
- main force driving blood from heart to capillary beds
19
Q
normal blood pressure
A
below 120 systolic, below 80 diastolic
20
Q
high blood pressure
A
persistent systolic blood pressure higher than 140 and/or diastolic blood pressure higher than 90
21
Q
atherosclerosis
A
chronic cardiovascular disease
- build up of plaque of arteries
22
Q
pulse
A
stretching of arteries caused by the pressure of blood forced into arteries during systole
23
Q
arteries
A
carry blood away from heart, oxygen rich
- thick layer of smooth can withstand high pressure
> small artery = arteriole
- arteries blocked, anything below dies
24
Q
veins
A
brings blood toward heart, oxygen poor
- how blood returns to heart
> small vein = venule
- one way valves and thinner smooth muscle
- skeletal muscle contractions help move blood back to the heart
25
capillaries
smallest blood vessels, allow exchange between bloodstream and tissue cells
- big as a red blood cell
26
interstitial fluid
liquid that bathes body cells and helps exchange materials with tissue cells
27
pulmonary circuit
carries blood between heart and lungs
28
systemic circuit
carries blood between heart and rest of the body systems
29
red blood cells
- most numerous type of blood cell
- erythrocytes
- transport oxygen
- carbohydrates on surface determine blood type
- oxygen carried on hemoglobin on RBC
30
hemoglobin
- protein
- transports oxygen
- contains iron
- iron shortage = reduction of synthesis of hemoglobin = blood cells carry less oxygen
31
anemia
common cause is iron deficiency, low RBC count or low hemoglobin levels
32
platelets
- pieces of tissue
- thrombocytes
- help in blood clotting (mesh net created to stop bleeding)
33
agglutination
reaction when cells clump together
34
white blood cells
fight infection and prevent cancer cells from growing
| - leukocytes
35
endothelium
innermost lining of the heart, one-cell thick layer of simple squamous epithelium
36
blood route to lungs
from body > venae cavae > R-atrium & R-ventricle > lungs
37
blood route from lungs
from lungs > L-atrium & L-ventricle > aorta > to body
38
murmurs
- extra heart sounds
| - can be due to narrowing or leaky valves
39
diastole
relaxation phase
| - muscle relaxes = blood flows on both sides
40
systole
contraction phase
41
SA node (pacemaker)
gives signal for atriums to contract
- specialized muscle tissue in right atrium wall
- affects both sides of heart
-
42
AV node
affects ventricles same way SA node affects atriums
43
antigen
a molecule that can trigger an immune response
44
macrophages
engulf pathogens and promote fever
45
natural killer cells
destroy non-normal body cells
46
basophils
provoke inflammation
47
complement proteins
poke holes in cell membranes
48
histamines
chemical released by WBCs to make capillaries leaky around injury site so WBC in bloodstream can assist at site too
49
non-specific/innate
physical barriers and chemical agents
| - born with these defenses to protect our body
50
specific/adaptive
- acquired after infection
- most sophisticated response of immune system
- body learns from infection
51
B cells
- develop in bone marrow
52
T cells
- become specialized in thymus to respond to pathogens that have already entered body cells
53
cell-mediated immunity
- cytotoxic t-cells
- actively kill other cells
- release chemical to make pores and blows up non-normal cells
54
humoral immunity
- clonal selection of b-cells
- make antibodies > mess up but do not kill
- produce memory cells to remember invaders
55
primary immune response
- takes several days to produce
| - memory cells made that last decades in lymph nodes
56
secondary immune response
- produced when same antigen encountered again
| - initiated faster due to memory cells
57
vaccinations
- person given wimpy strain/part of virus (harmless)
- body builds memory cells against full blown virus
- generate increased response when you d get the real thing
58
lymphatic system
collects fluid that leaks from blood vessels, removes bacteria/debris and cancer cells, returns liquid to blood
- all over the body, mostly WBCs
59
clonal selection
activated B-cell divides to generate army of memory and plasma cells (cloning b-cells)
60
clonal deletion
lymphocytes recognize body's own cells and molecules that are weeded out by apoptosis
61
apoptosis
programmed cell death
62
antibodies
- Y-shaped proteins
- recognize specific antigens
- found in blood plasma
- attach to specific antigen and help counter effects
- can have antibodies without memory cells
- i.e. breast milk, gamma globulin
63
region
determine specific target antigen to which antibody binds
64
passive immunity
- acquired by receiving pre-made antibodies
| - i.e. mother's milk (newborns), gamma globulin (adults)
65
active immunity
immunity that is created through experience with viruses over time
66
allergies
overblown attack against enemy that is not a real enemy
| - i.e. dog attacking squirrel
67
allergens
antigens that cause allergies
68
anaphylactic shock
rapid, widespread reaction where mast cells release histamines throughout body (potentially life-threatening)
69
autoimmune disease
- body turns against own molecules
| - i.e. lupus
70
immunodeficiency disease
- immune system is deficient, infections recur
- inborn or arise fro disease
- i.e. HIV, AIDS, SCID
71
homeostasis
keeping conditions the same in the body
| - depends on negative feedback (results of a process inhibit that process)
72
thermoregulation
maintain internal body temperature within defined limits
73
endotherm
regulates body temp internally
| - i.e. mammals/birds
74
ectotherm
lacks internal regulating mechanism
- regulates by moving to areas of hot/cold
- i.e. fish, amphibians, reptiles
75
hormone
biochemical that travels in the bloodstream and alters the metabolism of one or more cells
- binds to target cells with correct receptor proteins
76
water-soluble
- change within cells without entering cell
- fast-acting
- already have protein
77
lipid-soluble
- slower, steroid hormone
- protein needs to be made
- enters cell
78
pancreas
- regulates insulin and glucagon
- levels high > release insulin into blood
- levels low . release glucagon into blood
- negative feedback
79
type I diabetes
- insulin dependent
- pancreas does not produce insulin
- immune system destroyed insulin-producing beta cells
80
type II diabetes
- non-insulin dependent
| - body cells don't respond to insulin
81
gestational diabetes
- pregnancy diabetes
- can hint/lead to type II diabetes but nothing proven
- usually happens with multiple birth pregnancy
82
calcium homeostasis
- level rises > release calcitonin that deposits to bones and tells kidneys to not take up calcium
- level falls > release Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and tells bones to release calcium and kidneys to take up calcium
83
hypothalamus
links nervous and endocrine systems by controlling pituitary secretions
84
pituitary
- anterior > produces and releases hormones
| - posterior > stores and releases hormones made in hypothalamus (non-producing)
85
antidiurectic hormone (ADH)
stimulates kidney cells to return water to the bloodstream
- water held back, inhibits urine
- produced in hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary, sent to kidneys
86
adrenal medulla
- raise blood pressure/ heart rate, constrict blood vessels, slow digestion, increase metabolic rate
- works quickly, but are short term stress hormones
- i.e. epinephine, norepinephrine
87
adrenal cortex
- long-term stress response hormones
| - slower
88
mineral-corticords
- maintain blood volume and salt balance
89
glucocorticoids
- increase glucose levels in blood/brain
- essential in prolonged stress response
- indirectly constrict blood vessels > slow blood loss and prevents tissue inflammation after injury
