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Sophomore Year > BISC 102 - Test 2 > Flashcards

BISC 102 - Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath at rest

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2
Q

vital capacity

A

total amount of air a person can exhale with taking the deepest breath possible

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3
Q

respiration

A

need oxygen to gain energy and feed cells

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4
Q

trachea

A

windpipe (beneath larynx)

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5
Q

pharynx

A

throat

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6
Q

larynx

A

box-like structure that produces voice

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7
Q

vocal chords

A

elastic bands of tissue that vibrate as air passes to and from the lungs via the glottis

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8
Q

bronchi

A

branches that lead to the lungs (2)

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9
Q

bronchioles

A

finest branches of the lungs

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10
Q

alveoli

A

little sacs of air at the end of the bronchioles where gas exchange occurs

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11
Q

asthma

A

narrowing of bronchi where air can get in but cannot get out

  • wheezing, short of breath, coughing
  • no real cure > just treat symptoms
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12
Q

smoking

A

irritates cell lining of bronchi/trachea and inhibits ability to remove foreign substances from airways

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13
Q

heart

A

central pump of circulatory system made of four chambers

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14
Q

vascular system

A

tubes/blood vessels connected to heart

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15
Q

blood

A

circulating fluids of circulatory system

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16
Q

blood - plasma

A
  • primarily water
  • proteins (antibodies), clotting factors, salts, gases, nutrients, waste, hormones
  • exchanges water and dissolved substances with interstitial fluid
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17
Q

blood - cells/cell fragments

A
  • primarily red blood cells

- platelets, white blood cells

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18
Q

blood pressure

A

force blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels

- main force driving blood from heart to capillary beds

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19
Q

normal blood pressure

A

below 120 systolic, below 80 diastolic

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20
Q

high blood pressure

A

persistent systolic blood pressure higher than 140 and/or diastolic blood pressure higher than 90

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21
Q

atherosclerosis

A

chronic cardiovascular disease

- build up of plaque of arteries

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22
Q

pulse

A

stretching of arteries caused by the pressure of blood forced into arteries during systole

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23
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from heart, oxygen rich
- thick layer of smooth can withstand high pressure
> small artery = arteriole
- arteries blocked, anything below dies

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24
Q

veins

A

brings blood toward heart, oxygen poor
- how blood returns to heart
> small vein = venule
- one way valves and thinner smooth muscle
- skeletal muscle contractions help move blood back to the heart

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25
Q

capillaries

A

smallest blood vessels, allow exchange between bloodstream and tissue cells
- big as a red blood cell

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26
Q

interstitial fluid

A

liquid that bathes body cells and helps exchange materials with tissue cells

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27
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

carries blood between heart and lungs

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28
Q

systemic circuit

A

carries blood between heart and rest of the body systems

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29
Q

red blood cells

A
  • most numerous type of blood cell
  • erythrocytes
  • transport oxygen
  • carbohydrates on surface determine blood type
  • oxygen carried on hemoglobin on RBC
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30
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • protein
  • transports oxygen
  • contains iron
  • iron shortage = reduction of synthesis of hemoglobin = blood cells carry less oxygen
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31
Q

anemia

A

common cause is iron deficiency, low RBC count or low hemoglobin levels

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32
Q

platelets

A
  • pieces of tissue
  • thrombocytes
  • help in blood clotting (mesh net created to stop bleeding)
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33
Q

agglutination

A

reaction when cells clump together

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34
Q

white blood cells

A

fight infection and prevent cancer cells from growing

- leukocytes

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35
Q

endothelium

A

innermost lining of the heart, one-cell thick layer of simple squamous epithelium

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36
Q

blood route to lungs

A

from body > venae cavae > R-atrium & R-ventricle > lungs

37
Q

blood route from lungs

A

from lungs > L-atrium & L-ventricle > aorta > to body

38
Q

murmurs

A
  • extra heart sounds

- can be due to narrowing or leaky valves

39
Q

diastole

A

relaxation phase

- muscle relaxes = blood flows on both sides

40
Q

systole

A

contraction phase

41
Q

SA node (pacemaker)

A

gives signal for atriums to contract
- specialized muscle tissue in right atrium wall
- affects both sides of heart
-

42
Q

AV node

A

affects ventricles same way SA node affects atriums

43
Q

antigen

A

a molecule that can trigger an immune response

44
Q

macrophages

A

engulf pathogens and promote fever

45
Q

natural killer cells

A

destroy non-normal body cells

46
Q

basophils

A

provoke inflammation

47
Q

complement proteins

A

poke holes in cell membranes

48
Q

histamines

A

chemical released by WBCs to make capillaries leaky around injury site so WBC in bloodstream can assist at site too

49
Q

non-specific/innate

A

physical barriers and chemical agents

- born with these defenses to protect our body

50
Q

specific/adaptive

A
  • acquired after infection
  • most sophisticated response of immune system
  • body learns from infection
51
Q

B cells

A
  • develop in bone marrow
52
Q

T cells

A
  • become specialized in thymus to respond to pathogens that have already entered body cells
53
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A
  • cytotoxic t-cells
  • actively kill other cells
  • release chemical to make pores and blows up non-normal cells
54
Q

humoral immunity

A
  • clonal selection of b-cells
  • make antibodies > mess up but do not kill
  • produce memory cells to remember invaders
55
Q

primary immune response

A
  • takes several days to produce

- memory cells made that last decades in lymph nodes

56
Q

secondary immune response

A
  • produced when same antigen encountered again

- initiated faster due to memory cells

57
Q

vaccinations

A
  • person given wimpy strain/part of virus (harmless)
  • body builds memory cells against full blown virus
  • generate increased response when you d get the real thing
58
Q

lymphatic system

A

collects fluid that leaks from blood vessels, removes bacteria/debris and cancer cells, returns liquid to blood
- all over the body, mostly WBCs

59
Q

clonal selection

A

activated B-cell divides to generate army of memory and plasma cells (cloning b-cells)

60
Q

clonal deletion

A

lymphocytes recognize body’s own cells and molecules that are weeded out by apoptosis

61
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

62
Q

antibodies

A
  • Y-shaped proteins
  • recognize specific antigens
  • found in blood plasma
  • attach to specific antigen and help counter effects
  • can have antibodies without memory cells
  • i.e. breast milk, gamma globulin
63
Q

region

A

determine specific target antigen to which antibody binds

64
Q

passive immunity

A
  • acquired by receiving pre-made antibodies

- i.e. mother’s milk (newborns), gamma globulin (adults)

65
Q

active immunity

A

immunity that is created through experience with viruses over time

66
Q

allergies

A

overblown attack against enemy that is not a real enemy

- i.e. dog attacking squirrel

67
Q

allergens

A

antigens that cause allergies

68
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

rapid, widespread reaction where mast cells release histamines throughout body (potentially life-threatening)

69
Q

autoimmune disease

A
  • body turns against own molecules

- i.e. lupus

70
Q

immunodeficiency disease

A
  • immune system is deficient, infections recur
  • inborn or arise fro disease
  • i.e. HIV, AIDS, SCID
71
Q

homeostasis

A

keeping conditions the same in the body

- depends on negative feedback (results of a process inhibit that process)

72
Q

thermoregulation

A

maintain internal body temperature within defined limits

73
Q

endotherm

A

regulates body temp internally

- i.e. mammals/birds

74
Q

ectotherm

A

lacks internal regulating mechanism

  • regulates by moving to areas of hot/cold
  • i.e. fish, amphibians, reptiles
75
Q

hormone

A

biochemical that travels in the bloodstream and alters the metabolism of one or more cells
- binds to target cells with correct receptor proteins

76
Q

water-soluble

A
  • change within cells without entering cell
  • fast-acting
  • already have protein
77
Q

lipid-soluble

A
  • slower, steroid hormone
  • protein needs to be made
  • enters cell
78
Q

pancreas

A
  • regulates insulin and glucagon
  • levels high > release insulin into blood
  • levels low . release glucagon into blood
    - negative feedback
79
Q

type I diabetes

A
  • insulin dependent
  • pancreas does not produce insulin
  • immune system destroyed insulin-producing beta cells
80
Q

type II diabetes

A
  • non-insulin dependent

- body cells don’t respond to insulin

81
Q

gestational diabetes

A
  • pregnancy diabetes
  • can hint/lead to type II diabetes but nothing proven
  • usually happens with multiple birth pregnancy
82
Q

calcium homeostasis

A
  • level rises > release calcitonin that deposits to bones and tells kidneys to not take up calcium
  • level falls > release Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and tells bones to release calcium and kidneys to take up calcium
83
Q

hypothalamus

A

links nervous and endocrine systems by controlling pituitary secretions

84
Q

pituitary

A
  • anterior > produces and releases hormones

- posterior > stores and releases hormones made in hypothalamus (non-producing)

85
Q

antidiurectic hormone (ADH)

A

stimulates kidney cells to return water to the bloodstream

  • water held back, inhibits urine
  • produced in hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary, sent to kidneys
86
Q

adrenal medulla

A
  • raise blood pressure/ heart rate, constrict blood vessels, slow digestion, increase metabolic rate
  • works quickly, but are short term stress hormones
    • i.e. epinephine, norepinephrine
87
Q

adrenal cortex

A
  • long-term stress response hormones

- slower

88
Q

mineral-corticords

A
  • maintain blood volume and salt balance
89
Q

glucocorticoids

A
  • increase glucose levels in blood/brain
  • essential in prolonged stress response
  • indirectly constrict blood vessels > slow blood loss and prevents tissue inflammation after injury

Sophomore Year (42 decks)

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