BISC 102 - Test 2 Flashcards
tidal volume
amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath at rest
vital capacity
total amount of air a person can exhale with taking the deepest breath possible
respiration
need oxygen to gain energy and feed cells
trachea
windpipe (beneath larynx)
pharynx
throat
larynx
box-like structure that produces voice
vocal chords
elastic bands of tissue that vibrate as air passes to and from the lungs via the glottis
bronchi
branches that lead to the lungs (2)
bronchioles
finest branches of the lungs
alveoli
little sacs of air at the end of the bronchioles where gas exchange occurs
asthma
narrowing of bronchi where air can get in but cannot get out
- wheezing, short of breath, coughing
- no real cure > just treat symptoms
smoking
irritates cell lining of bronchi/trachea and inhibits ability to remove foreign substances from airways
heart
central pump of circulatory system made of four chambers
vascular system
tubes/blood vessels connected to heart
blood
circulating fluids of circulatory system
blood - plasma
- primarily water
- proteins (antibodies), clotting factors, salts, gases, nutrients, waste, hormones
- exchanges water and dissolved substances with interstitial fluid
blood - cells/cell fragments
- primarily red blood cells
- platelets, white blood cells
blood pressure
force blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels
- main force driving blood from heart to capillary beds
normal blood pressure
below 120 systolic, below 80 diastolic
high blood pressure
persistent systolic blood pressure higher than 140 and/or diastolic blood pressure higher than 90
atherosclerosis
chronic cardiovascular disease
- build up of plaque of arteries
pulse
stretching of arteries caused by the pressure of blood forced into arteries during systole
arteries
carry blood away from heart, oxygen rich
- thick layer of smooth can withstand high pressure
> small artery = arteriole
- arteries blocked, anything below dies
veins
brings blood toward heart, oxygen poor
- how blood returns to heart
> small vein = venule
- one way valves and thinner smooth muscle
- skeletal muscle contractions help move blood back to the heart
capillaries
smallest blood vessels, allow exchange between bloodstream and tissue cells
- big as a red blood cell
interstitial fluid
liquid that bathes body cells and helps exchange materials with tissue cells
pulmonary circuit
carries blood between heart and lungs
systemic circuit
carries blood between heart and rest of the body systems
red blood cells
- most numerous type of blood cell
- erythrocytes
- transport oxygen
- carbohydrates on surface determine blood type
- oxygen carried on hemoglobin on RBC
hemoglobin
- protein
- transports oxygen
- contains iron
- iron shortage = reduction of synthesis of hemoglobin = blood cells carry less oxygen
anemia
common cause is iron deficiency, low RBC count or low hemoglobin levels
platelets
- pieces of tissue
- thrombocytes
- help in blood clotting (mesh net created to stop bleeding)
agglutination
reaction when cells clump together
white blood cells
fight infection and prevent cancer cells from growing
- leukocytes
endothelium
innermost lining of the heart, one-cell thick layer of simple squamous epithelium
blood route to lungs
from body > venae cavae > R-atrium & R-ventricle > lungs
blood route from lungs
from lungs > L-atrium & L-ventricle > aorta > to body
murmurs
- extra heart sounds
- can be due to narrowing or leaky valves
diastole
relaxation phase
- muscle relaxes = blood flows on both sides
systole
contraction phase
SA node (pacemaker)
gives signal for atriums to contract
- specialized muscle tissue in right atrium wall
- affects both sides of heart
-
AV node
affects ventricles same way SA node affects atriums
antigen
a molecule that can trigger an immune response
macrophages
engulf pathogens and promote fever
natural killer cells
destroy non-normal body cells
basophils
provoke inflammation
complement proteins
poke holes in cell membranes
histamines
chemical released by WBCs to make capillaries leaky around injury site so WBC in bloodstream can assist at site too
non-specific/innate
physical barriers and chemical agents
- born with these defenses to protect our body
specific/adaptive
- acquired after infection
- most sophisticated response of immune system
- body learns from infection
B cells
- develop in bone marrow
T cells
- become specialized in thymus to respond to pathogens that have already entered body cells
cell-mediated immunity
- cytotoxic t-cells
- actively kill other cells
- release chemical to make pores and blows up non-normal cells
humoral immunity
- clonal selection of b-cells
- make antibodies > mess up but do not kill
- produce memory cells to remember invaders
primary immune response
- takes several days to produce
- memory cells made that last decades in lymph nodes
secondary immune response
- produced when same antigen encountered again
- initiated faster due to memory cells
vaccinations
- person given wimpy strain/part of virus (harmless)
- body builds memory cells against full blown virus
- generate increased response when you d get the real thing
lymphatic system
collects fluid that leaks from blood vessels, removes bacteria/debris and cancer cells, returns liquid to blood
- all over the body, mostly WBCs
clonal selection
activated B-cell divides to generate army of memory and plasma cells (cloning b-cells)
clonal deletion
lymphocytes recognize body’s own cells and molecules that are weeded out by apoptosis
apoptosis
programmed cell death
antibodies
- Y-shaped proteins
- recognize specific antigens
- found in blood plasma
- attach to specific antigen and help counter effects
- can have antibodies without memory cells
- i.e. breast milk, gamma globulin
region
determine specific target antigen to which antibody binds
passive immunity
- acquired by receiving pre-made antibodies
- i.e. mother’s milk (newborns), gamma globulin (adults)
active immunity
immunity that is created through experience with viruses over time
allergies
overblown attack against enemy that is not a real enemy
- i.e. dog attacking squirrel
allergens
antigens that cause allergies
anaphylactic shock
rapid, widespread reaction where mast cells release histamines throughout body (potentially life-threatening)
autoimmune disease
- body turns against own molecules
- i.e. lupus
immunodeficiency disease
- immune system is deficient, infections recur
- inborn or arise fro disease
- i.e. HIV, AIDS, SCID
homeostasis
keeping conditions the same in the body
- depends on negative feedback (results of a process inhibit that process)
thermoregulation
maintain internal body temperature within defined limits
endotherm
regulates body temp internally
- i.e. mammals/birds
ectotherm
lacks internal regulating mechanism
- regulates by moving to areas of hot/cold
- i.e. fish, amphibians, reptiles
hormone
biochemical that travels in the bloodstream and alters the metabolism of one or more cells
- binds to target cells with correct receptor proteins
water-soluble
- change within cells without entering cell
- fast-acting
- already have protein
lipid-soluble
- slower, steroid hormone
- protein needs to be made
- enters cell
pancreas
- regulates insulin and glucagon
- levels high > release insulin into blood
- levels low . release glucagon into blood
- negative feedback
type I diabetes
- insulin dependent
- pancreas does not produce insulin
- immune system destroyed insulin-producing beta cells
type II diabetes
- non-insulin dependent
- body cells don’t respond to insulin
gestational diabetes
- pregnancy diabetes
- can hint/lead to type II diabetes but nothing proven
- usually happens with multiple birth pregnancy
calcium homeostasis
- level rises > release calcitonin that deposits to bones and tells kidneys to not take up calcium
- level falls > release Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and tells bones to release calcium and kidneys to take up calcium
hypothalamus
links nervous and endocrine systems by controlling pituitary secretions
pituitary
- anterior > produces and releases hormones
- posterior > stores and releases hormones made in hypothalamus (non-producing)
antidiurectic hormone (ADH)
stimulates kidney cells to return water to the bloodstream
- water held back, inhibits urine
- produced in hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary, sent to kidneys
adrenal medulla
- raise blood pressure/ heart rate, constrict blood vessels, slow digestion, increase metabolic rate
- works quickly, but are short term stress hormones
- i.e. epinephine, norepinephrine
adrenal cortex
- long-term stress response hormones
- slower
mineral-corticords
- maintain blood volume and salt balance
glucocorticoids
- increase glucose levels in blood/brain
- essential in prolonged stress response
- indirectly constrict blood vessels > slow blood loss and prevents tissue inflammation after injury
