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Sophomore Year > Biology 104 - Exam 1 > Flashcards

Biology 104 - Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

biodiversity

A

how many different organisms are on the planet

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2
Q

evolution

A
  • change overtime, descent with modification

- change in allele frequencies between generations of a given population

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3
Q

microevolution

A

short-term genetic changes within a population of species

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4
Q

fossils

A

preserved remnants, impressions in rock of once living organisms

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5
Q

fitness

A

individual reproductive contribution to the next generation

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6
Q

directional selection

A

an extreme phenotype is fittest and shifts the phenotype curve

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7
Q

disruptive selection

A

leads to a balance between 2 or more contrasting phenotypes in a population

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8
Q

stabilizing selection

A

maintains variation for a particular trait with a narrow range

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9
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

harmful alleles in one way confer benefit in another

- i.e. heterozygotes for sickle cell are immune to malaria and don’t necessarily have the disease

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10
Q

mutations

A
  • DNA randomly changes to introduce new alleles
  • increases genetic diversity
  • affect evolution on in subsequent generations that inherit the mutation
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11
Q

genetic drift

A
  • changes in the gene pool due to chance
  • rooted in sampling error and has strong affect on small populations
  • founder effect & bottleneck effect
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12
Q

founder effect

A
  • founders of a new population
  • bring only their alleles => reduces diversity
  • entire genotypes eliminated
  • rare traits may increase in frequency
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13
Q

bottleneck effect

A
  • population drastically reduced in size
  • over hunting, natural disaster, habitat loss
  • typically reduces genetic diversity in the surviving population
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14
Q

paleontology

A

the study of fossils to understand historical ecology, evolution, and human relevance to the past

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15
Q

relative dating

A

looking at fossils above and below to determine age => estimation

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16
Q

absolute/radiometric dating

A
  • approximates fossils/sediment age using radioactive isotopes
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17
Q

half-life

A

the time it takes for half the isotope to lose half of it’s mass

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18
Q

biogeography

A

study of the distributions of species on the planet

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19
Q

homologous structures

A

structures inherited from a common ancestor

20
Q

vestigial structures

A

homologous structure that no longer has a function in a species

21
Q

analogous structure

A

structure is alike but there is no common ancestor

  • also known as convergent evolution
  • selective pressures lead to similar adaptations but not because of commonality
22
Q

Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium

A
  1. no natural selection
  2. no mutations
  3. large population
  4. individuals mate at random
  5. no immigration OR emmigration
23
Q

homeotic genes

A

genes that control development (evo-devo)

- small differences in expression of genes can lead to a new body plan

24
Q

macroevolution

A

major changes in the history of life that occur over long periods of time

25
Q

species

A

a population or group of populations whose members can interbreed and produce viable offspring

26
Q

reproductive isolation

A

leads to speciation, formation of a new species

27
Q

Issues with Linnaeus’ theory of species

A
  1. cannot apply to asexually reproducing organisms
  2. impossible to assign species names to organisms known only as fossils
  3. some organisms interbreed in captivity but not in nature
  4. reproductive isolation is not absolute - interbreeding is still possible despite isolation
28
Q

prezygotic reproductive barriers

A

occur before the formation of the zygote

  • prevents mating
  • prevents fertilization if mating is attempted
  • i.e. habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanic, gametic
29
Q

postzygotic reproductive barriers

A

if the zygote is formed:

  • failure to develop/reach sexual maturity
  • failure to produce gametes
  • feeble or sterile offspring
  • i.e. hybrid inviability (don’t reach maturity), hybrid infertility (infertile), hybrid breakdown (not able to reproduce)
30
Q

allopatric speciation

A

no contact between populations

- physical barrier separates the populations

31
Q

sympatric speciation

A

continuous contact between populations

- populations share a habitat but diverge anyway

32
Q

gradualism

A

start with a common ancestor and changes slowly appear

33
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

direct, blunt changes in the species

- long periods of limited change interrupted by bouts of rapid change

34
Q

rapid speciation occurs

A
  • with evolution of key adaptation

- as consequence of widespread extinction event

35
Q

extinction

A

species is extinct when all members have died

  • failure to adapt to environmental changes
  • i.e. habitat, new predator, new disease
36
Q

background extinction rate

A
  • gradual loss of species to extinction

- 0.1 to 1.0 per year per one million species

37
Q

impact theory

A

suggests that meteorites and comets crashed to the Earth and changed the atmosphere/environmental conditions
- i.e. extinction of dinosaurs

38
Q

plate tectonics

A

shifting of the continents

39
Q

human impact

A

thought to be causing the 6th mass extinction

- losing estimated 20 to 200 per year per one million species

40
Q

systematics

A

study of classification

41
Q

taxonomy

A

the science of describing, naming and classifying species

- the more features shared by two species, the more taxonomic levels they share

42
Q

phylogenics

A

study of evolutionary relationships among species

43
Q

phylogenic trees

A

depict evolutionary relationships based on descent from common ancestors
- multiple lines of evidence used to construct the trees

44
Q

clade

A

group of organisms consisting of a common ancestor & its descendents

45
Q

cladogram

A

type of phylogenic tree

  • built using ancestral and derived characters
  • makes use of homology

Sophomore Year (42 decks)

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