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Sophomore Year > BISC 102 - Test 3 > Flashcards

BISC 102 - Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

neurons

A

interconnected cells that communicate via electrical impulses
- gather/process info and take action

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2
Q

neuroglia

A

cells that provide physical support to neurons

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3
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

- takes sensory information and coordinates response

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4
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

carries information from CNS to the rest of the body

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5
Q

cell body

A

rounded/enlarged neuron part that contains nucleus et al

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6
Q

dendrites

A

short branched extensions that transmit information toward cell body

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7
Q

axon

A

conducts nerve impulses away from cell body

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8
Q

myelin sheath

A

composed of neuroglia, wrapped around axon to insulate and speed impulse conduction

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9
Q

sensory neuron

A

brings info from body to CNS

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10
Q

interneurons

A

connect neurons in brain/spine

- gather/process info and tell motor neurons what to do

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11
Q

motor neurons

A

take message from CNS to body cells

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12
Q

resting potential

A

charge difference between inside and outside of neuron not conducting a message

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13
Q

action potential

A

when conducting a message, brief change in membrane potential that spreads like a wave along membrane of nerve fiber

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14
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical sign that travels between neurons

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15
Q

synapse

A

junction where tip of the axon of a neuron communicates with dendrites of another

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16
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between two neurons

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17
Q

synaptic terminals

A

tiny knobs that enlarge at tips to transmit info

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18
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons encased in connective tissue

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19
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary movements in skeletal muscles

- ride a bike

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20
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary smooth and cardiac muscle movement

- heart, organs

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21
Q

gray matter

A

neuron cell bodies and dendrites/synapses by which they communicate with other cells

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22
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons that transmit throughout CNS

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23
Q

reflex

A

rapid involuntary response to stimulus

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24
Q

hindbrain

A

back of the brain

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25
medulla oblongata
continuation of spinal cord that regulates breathing, blood pressure, heart rate (et al)
26
pons
area above medulla that connects forebrain to medulla and white matter/cerebellum
27
cerebellum
refine motor messages and coordinate muscle movements
28
midbrain
narrow region that connects fore and hind brains
29
forebrain
front of the brain
30
thalamus
relay station for sensory information
31
hypothalamus
maintain homeostasis, links endocrine and nervous systems
32
cerebrum
controls quality of personality, intelligence, learning, perception and emotion
33
DNA
phosphate sugar backbone with 4 nitrogenous bases | - adenine-thymine, cytosine-guanine
34
initiation
open up DNA helix for RNA to make copy of the DNA piece
35
elongation
RNA copies from one side of DNA
36
termination
closes DNA, RNA now has copy of the protein it needs
37
transcription
in nucleus > RNA goes between to communicate protein structure
38
translation
in cytoplasm on ribosome > synthesizes proteins
39
RNA
- replacement of thymine with uracil
40
point mutation
one base pair substitution - only affects one amino acid and impairs protein function - can be undetectable or fatal - i.e. sickle cell disease
41
frameshifts
- insertions or deletions - changes the rest of the coding sequence - many result in non-functional proteins
42
mutations
- come about from damaged DNA [ultraviolet light], errors in replication, mutagens - changes but not always harmful - most contribute to diversity by evolution
43
mutagen
physical and chemical agents that cause mutations
44
viruses
- exhibit some living organism characteristics - need host cell to reproduce but provide own genetic information - tricks host cell into making it's proteins
45
HIV
copies RNA to DNA using reverse transcriptase | - transmitted through blood and bodily fluids
46
retrovirus
genetic information stored as RNA | - HIV
47
AZT
drug that interrupts the HIV creation process
48
AIDS
caused by HIV
49
transgenic organisms
insert other genetic material from other organisms | - i.e. cystic fibrosis where a protein is missing, patient inhales proteins and now breathes 'normally'
50
plasmid
small circle of double-strand DNA
51
restriction enzyme
- protein | - cuts double-strand DNA at specific base sequence
52
electrophoresis
separates DNA fragments by size
53
restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
the process of getting DNA, running it on a gel, visualizing and analyzing the results
54
total genomic DNA
all of the genetic information | - requires a lot of biological information
55
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
used when only a small amount of DNA is available | - uses copy machinery in DNA to produce copies of a sequence
56
profiling
uses most variable part of the genome to detect genetic differences between individuals
57
short tandem repeats (STR)
sequences of four to five nucleotides that are repeating/non-coding regions of DNA
58
CODIS
database linking all states with serial crimes and unsolved/repeat offender cases
59
embryonic stem cells
give life to all cells of the body > entire biological makeup
60
adult stem cells
more differentiated to produce limited subset of cell types | - i.e. replace skin from wear-and-tear
61
DNA probe
single strand sequence of nucleotides complementary to known region of DNA
62
gene therapy
shares similarities with creation of transgenic organisms
63
duplication of cells (why)
- replace cells [death/damage] | - growth
64
sister chromatids
2 duplicated copies of chromosomes that separate in cell division (from 1 cell = 2 identical cells)
65
mitosis
division of somatic cells
66
cancer
- cells divide uncontrollably - not inherited = predisposition - checks/balances are not functioning properly - causes multiple mutations
67
tumor
abnormal mass of tissue
68
benign
- contained | - relatively harmless unless growth pushes in other things causing the to not function correctly
69
malignant
cancerous
70
metastasized
cancer has spread via lymphatic or circulatory system | - caused via metastasis
71
biological therapy
- build immune response to cancer - form antibodies against cancer - i.e. some leukemias
72
chemotherapy
uses chemicals to counter cancer
73
radiation
destroys all cells | - hopefully stops cancer cells from growing/multiplying but also kills some healthy cells
74
anti-angiogenesis
process of destroying blood vessels that cancer creates to feed itself - starve the cancer

Sophomore Year (42 decks)

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