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Sophomore Year > BISC 102 - Test 3 > Flashcards

BISC 102 - Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

neurons

A

interconnected cells that communicate via electrical impulses
- gather/process info and take action

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2
Q

neuroglia

A

cells that provide physical support to neurons

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3
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

- takes sensory information and coordinates response

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4
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

carries information from CNS to the rest of the body

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5
Q

cell body

A

rounded/enlarged neuron part that contains nucleus et al

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6
Q

dendrites

A

short branched extensions that transmit information toward cell body

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7
Q

axon

A

conducts nerve impulses away from cell body

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8
Q

myelin sheath

A

composed of neuroglia, wrapped around axon to insulate and speed impulse conduction

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9
Q

sensory neuron

A

brings info from body to CNS

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10
Q

interneurons

A

connect neurons in brain/spine

- gather/process info and tell motor neurons what to do

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11
Q

motor neurons

A

take message from CNS to body cells

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12
Q

resting potential

A

charge difference between inside and outside of neuron not conducting a message

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13
Q

action potential

A

when conducting a message, brief change in membrane potential that spreads like a wave along membrane of nerve fiber

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14
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical sign that travels between neurons

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15
Q

synapse

A

junction where tip of the axon of a neuron communicates with dendrites of another

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16
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between two neurons

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17
Q

synaptic terminals

A

tiny knobs that enlarge at tips to transmit info

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18
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons encased in connective tissue

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19
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary movements in skeletal muscles

- ride a bike

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20
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary smooth and cardiac muscle movement

- heart, organs

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21
Q

gray matter

A

neuron cell bodies and dendrites/synapses by which they communicate with other cells

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22
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons that transmit throughout CNS

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23
Q

reflex

A

rapid involuntary response to stimulus

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24
Q

hindbrain

A

back of the brain

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25
Q

medulla oblongata

A

continuation of spinal cord that regulates breathing, blood pressure, heart rate (et al)

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26
Q

pons

A

area above medulla that connects forebrain to medulla and white matter/cerebellum

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27
Q

cerebellum

A

refine motor messages and coordinate muscle movements

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28
Q

midbrain

A

narrow region that connects fore and hind brains

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29
Q

forebrain

A

front of the brain

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30
Q

thalamus

A

relay station for sensory information

31
Q

hypothalamus

A

maintain homeostasis, links endocrine and nervous systems

32
Q

cerebrum

A

controls quality of personality, intelligence, learning, perception and emotion

33
Q

DNA

A

phosphate sugar backbone with 4 nitrogenous bases

- adenine-thymine, cytosine-guanine

34
Q

initiation

A

open up DNA helix for RNA to make copy of the DNA piece

35
Q

elongation

A

RNA copies from one side of DNA

36
Q

termination

A

closes DNA, RNA now has copy of the protein it needs

37
Q

transcription

A

in nucleus > RNA goes between to communicate protein structure

38
Q

translation

A

in cytoplasm on ribosome > synthesizes proteins

39
Q

RNA

A
  • replacement of thymine with uracil
40
Q

point mutation

A

one base pair substitution

  • only affects one amino acid and impairs protein function
  • can be undetectable or fatal
  • i.e. sickle cell disease
41
Q

frameshifts

A
  • insertions or deletions
  • changes the rest of the coding sequence
  • many result in non-functional proteins
42
Q

mutations

A
  • come about from damaged DNA [ultraviolet light], errors in replication, mutagens
  • changes but not always harmful
  • most contribute to diversity by evolution
43
Q

mutagen

A

physical and chemical agents that cause mutations

44
Q

viruses

A
  • exhibit some living organism characteristics
  • need host cell to reproduce but provide own genetic information
  • tricks host cell into making it’s proteins
45
Q

HIV

A

copies RNA to DNA using reverse transcriptase

- transmitted through blood and bodily fluids

46
Q

retrovirus

A

genetic information stored as RNA

- HIV

47
Q

AZT

A

drug that interrupts the HIV creation process

48
Q

AIDS

A

caused by HIV

49
Q

transgenic organisms

A

insert other genetic material from other organisms

- i.e. cystic fibrosis where a protein is missing, patient inhales proteins and now breathes ‘normally’

50
Q

plasmid

A

small circle of double-strand DNA

51
Q

restriction enzyme

A
  • protein

- cuts double-strand DNA at specific base sequence

52
Q

electrophoresis

A

separates DNA fragments by size

53
Q

restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

A

the process of getting DNA, running it on a gel, visualizing and analyzing the results

54
Q

total genomic DNA

A

all of the genetic information

- requires a lot of biological information

55
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

used when only a small amount of DNA is available

- uses copy machinery in DNA to produce copies of a sequence

56
Q

profiling

A

uses most variable part of the genome to detect genetic differences between individuals

57
Q

short tandem repeats (STR)

A

sequences of four to five nucleotides that are repeating/non-coding regions of DNA

58
Q

CODIS

A

database linking all states with serial crimes and unsolved/repeat offender cases

59
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

give life to all cells of the body > entire biological makeup

60
Q

adult stem cells

A

more differentiated to produce limited subset of cell types

- i.e. replace skin from wear-and-tear

61
Q

DNA probe

A

single strand sequence of nucleotides complementary to known region of DNA

62
Q

gene therapy

A

shares similarities with creation of transgenic organisms

63
Q

duplication of cells (why)

A
  • replace cells [death/damage]

- growth

64
Q

sister chromatids

A

2 duplicated copies of chromosomes that separate in cell division (from 1 cell = 2 identical cells)

65
Q

mitosis

A

division of somatic cells

66
Q

cancer

A
  • cells divide uncontrollably
  • not inherited = predisposition
  • checks/balances are not functioning properly
    • causes multiple mutations
67
Q

tumor

A

abnormal mass of tissue

68
Q

benign

A
  • contained

- relatively harmless unless growth pushes in other things causing the to not function correctly

69
Q

malignant

A

cancerous

70
Q

metastasized

A

cancer has spread via lymphatic or circulatory system

- caused via metastasis

71
Q

biological therapy

A
  • build immune response to cancer
  • form antibodies against cancer
  • i.e. some leukemias
72
Q

chemotherapy

A

uses chemicals to counter cancer

73
Q

radiation

A

destroys all cells

- hopefully stops cancer cells from growing/multiplying but also kills some healthy cells

74
Q

anti-angiogenesis

A

process of destroying blood vessels that cancer creates to feed itself
- starve the cancer

Sophomore Year (42 decks)

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