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Sophomore Year > Biology 104 - Exam 3 > Flashcards

Biology 104 - Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Echinoderms

A
  • phylum: echinodemata
  • bilateral larvae, radial adults, no cephalization, true coelom, complete digestive, no segment, water vascular system
  • sea stars, sea cucumbers, sand dollars
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2
Q

water vascular system

A

system of canals that circulate water

- gas exchange, waste disposal, locomotion, feeding

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3
Q

Chordates

A
  • phylum: chordata

- 4 characteristics –> notochord, dorsal nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tale

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4
Q

notochord

A

flexible rod that runs along the back –> spinal discs in humans

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5
Q

dorsal nerve chord

A

spinal chord and brain

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6
Q

pharyngeal slits

A

feeding slits

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7
Q

postanal tale

A

tail (animals i.e. dog/cat), human tail develops away

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8
Q

tunicates and lancelets

A
  • ectotherms
  • closest modern day representatives of ancestor chordates
  • tunicata: sessile adults, free-swimming larvae
  • cephalachordata
  • filter feeders
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9
Q

hagfishes

A
  • ectotherms, endoskeleton, slime production
  • eat dead/dying animals
  • subphyla craniata
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10
Q

lampreys

A
  • endoskeleton of cartilage/bone including backbone or cranium
  • jaws of cartilage or bone, ectotherms, cranium and vertebrae
  • simplest chordates that have a layer of support surrounding nerve chord
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11
Q

jawed fishes

A

agile swimmers, most carnivorous, lateral line system

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12
Q

lateral line system

A

row of sensory organs along body length

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13
Q

cartilaginous fishes

A

flexible cartilage skeleton, thick/fleshy fins, respiration through the gills, adept predators –> poor eyesight, good smell, electrosensors on head to detect movement of animals

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14
Q

bony fishes

A

common seas/freshwater, skeleton reinforced by hard calcium salts, keen smell/eyesight, lateral line system, operculum

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15
Q

operculum

A

gil chamber flap that allows for movement/no movement

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16
Q

ray finned

A
  • fins supported by skeletal rays, gas bladder (buoyancy)
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17
Q

lobe finned

A
  • swim bladder assists in respiration, muscular fins supported by stout bones
  • lungfishes, coelacanth
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18
Q

amphibians

A
  • first to inhabit land
  • descended from fishes with lungs
  • first limbs/lungs –> skeletal support precursor to limbs
  • reproduction still tied to water
  • adapted to freshwater/land habitats
  • improved respiratory organs, circulation, skeleton system, tear glands
  • reproduction –> egg + sperm released, metamorphosis
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19
Q

reptiles

A
  • amniotic egg protected by shell
  • non-avian reptiles have dry/scaly skin, kidney’s absorb water, well-developed lungs, internal fertilization
  • non-avian (ectothermic), birds (endothermic)
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20
Q

birds

A
  • thought to be dinosaur descendants
  • powerful breast muscles, keel-like breastbone
  • wing shape dependent on habitat
  • honeycomb structure of bones makes them light and durable
  • some internal organs absent to reduce weight
  • high demand for energy –> powerful heart and lungs
  • feathers made of keratin –> same as non-avian scales
  • insulation, attract mate –> not at all used in flight
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21
Q

monotremes

A
  • platypus, echidna

- lays eggs –> young hatch –> feeds on the mother

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22
Q

marsupials

A
  • brief gestation to live birth
  • young develop while attached to mother, usually in a pouch
  • kangaroos, opossum, koala
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23
Q

placental mammals

A
  • young develop in womb and have live birth
  • placenta joins mother to the embryo
  • humans, zebra, elephant, dogs, some aquatic animals
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24
Q

Primates

A
  • evolved from small tree-dwelling, insect-eating creatures about 65 MYA
  • shared characteristics: opposable thumbs, sensitive hands/fingers and toes with flat nails, no claws, close set eyes with binocular vision, large brain
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25
Q

prosimians

A
  • lorises, pottos, lemurs (Lorids)
  • omnivorous, Madagascar/S. Asia/Africa
  • Tarsiers: tree-dwelling carnivores
  • SE Asia, nocturnal, insectivores
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26
Q

simians

A
  • new world –> arboreal with prehensile tail used for swinging
  • old world –> some arboreal without prehensile tail, some ground dwelling
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27
Q

hominids - locomotion

A
  • free swinging, running with large hands/long arms
  • bipedalism in humans
  • shorter arms, longer/stronger legs, foot bones form support, pelvis supports body, vertebrae adds flexibility in lower back, foramen magnum tucked under skull
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28
Q

hominids - feeding/diet

A
  • skull ridge, size/shape of skull useful
  • sagittal crest as point of attachment for jaw muscles
  • molars grind, crush, mash food
  • size of the jaw bones/protrusion, tooth row curvature
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29
Q

Australopiths

A
  • foremen magnum positioned downward –> upright walking
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30
Q

Paranthropus

A
  • large teeth, protruding jaws, skull with sagittal crest
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31
Q

Homo

A
  • associated with stone tools
  • larger bodies/brains
  • smaller teeth, lighter/less protruding jaw/larger skull/brain case
  • lighter brow ridges
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32
Q

evolution of humankind through natural selection

A
  • likely spurred by environmental changes
  • upright bipedalism –> advantageous in new habitat
  • selection pressure i.e. skin pigment
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33
Q

ecology

A

interactions between organisms & the environment (biotic factors + abiotic factors)

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34
Q

environmentalism

A

advocacy of preservation, restoration, or improvement of the natural environment especially in relation to pollution

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35
Q

pollution

A

contamination of soil, water, or the atmosphere by the discharge of harmful substances

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36
Q

population ecology

A

study of how populations interact with the environment

- explore how factors influence age, size, density, growth rate of population

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37
Q

habitat

A

physical location where population members normally live

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38
Q

density

A

the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume of a habitat

  • varies among species
  • usually estimated by sampling
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39
Q

population growth

A

population births - population deaths

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40
Q

population growth rate

A

change in population size per unit

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41
Q

birth rate

A

how many new organisms are added to the population each year

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42
Q

death rate

A

how many organisms leave/die in the population

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43
Q

life table

A

probability of surviving to a certain age

- table creates survivorship curve

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44
Q

Type I

A
  • usually seen with humans and other large vertebrates

- low mortality rate

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45
Q

Type II

A
  • many birds and some mammals

- age dependent mortality –> in the middle

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46
Q

Type III

A
  • fish, invertebrates, plants

- high mortality rate

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47
Q

exponential population growth

A
  • number of individuals added increases in proportion to population size
  • J-shaped curve
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48
Q

logistic population growth

A
  • population growth slows & levels off as resources become limited
  • S-shaped curve
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49
Q

carrying capacity

A
  • limit of individuals that a habitat can maintain or accommodate
  • growth rate declines as carrying capacity reached
  • depends on species/habitat/resources
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50
Q

density-dependent factors

A
  • those that intensify as population density increases
  • individuals compete for resources
  • disease prevalence or predation may increase
  • typically have more of an effect before independent factors
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51
Q

density-independent factors

A
  • those unrelated to population density

- seasonal freezing, fire, floods, storms, environmental changes etc.

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52
Q

life history

A

organisms strategy for reproduction and survival

  • age of first reproduction
  • number/size of offspring
  • energy cost of reproduction
  • parental responsibility
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53
Q

opportunistic species

A
  • tend to be short lived, reproduce at early age, many offspring that receive little care
  • population growth rate may be high under optimal conditions
  • Type III survivorship curve
  • plants, many insects
54
Q

equilibrium species

A
  • long lives, mature later, extended parental care
  • high probability of surviving
  • mammals, some birds, some insects
  • Type I & Type II survivorship curves
55
Q

age structure

A

diagrams that help predict trends in growth

56
Q

habitat

A

physical space with specific characteristics where organisms live

57
Q

niche

A

all the resources required for survival growth & reproduction

58
Q

climate

A
  • sunlight/sunlight intensity

- light & temperature variation in precipitation via air conduction patterns

59
Q

tilt

A

relative to the sun, leads to seasonal temperature changes

- Earth: 23.5 degree tilt

60
Q

convection cells

A

warm and cool air cycle

- air first cools, cause water to condense and fall –> rain

61
Q

biodiversity

A

We are losing biodiversity through scarce and polluted resources, and a changing climate.

62
Q

Two major biomes

A

Terrestrial, aquatic

63
Q

Primary Producers (terrestrial)

A

Plants primary producers (determined by climate)

64
Q

primary producers (aquatic)

A

phytoplankton are primary producers (determined by physical conditions)

65
Q

distribution of biomes

A

depends largely on precipitation and temperature

66
Q

Polar Ice

A

temp is cold, dry and windy, phytoplankton in ice and ocean water are primary producers.

67
Q

Tundra

A

very cold, dry; subsoil permanently frozen (permafrost); small plants with shallow roots; animals with thick fur; 20% of land surface; less animal diversity in Southern H. than Northern H.

68
Q

Taiga

A

cold and abundantly dry, abundant coniferous trees; some mammals and birds stay year round.

69
Q

Temperate rain forest

A

mild winters, cool summers, abundant rain, large conifers, amphibians, mammals, and fish.

70
Q

Temperate deciduous forest

A

warm summers, cold winters, consistent rainfall, trees and migratory animals are common, lots of trees.

71
Q

Temperate grassland

A

hot summers, cold winters, moderately moist, summertime drought, fires, grazing prevent tree growth.

72
Q

Mediterranean shrub land (chaparral)

A

hot, dry summers, cool, moist winters, fire and drought resistant plants thrive here.

73
Q

Desert

A

always dry; may be cool or hot, plants store water, and most animals come out at night time.

74
Q

Tropical rainforest

A

warm and wet, highest species diversity of all the biomes, lots of herbivores and predators.

75
Q

Aquatic biomes

A

occupy largest part of the biosphere, roughly 75% of earth’s surface.
Determined by salinity

76
Q

Freshwater Biome

Standing bodies of water

A

cover less than 1% of the earth, contain .01% of all earth’s water supply,

  • standing bodies of water: ponds, lakes, rivers, groundwater
  • phytoplankton producers
  • zooplankton consumers
  • bacteria common in deep waters
  • water depth/distance from shore determine distribution of biota
77
Q

Freshwater Biome

flowing bodies of water

A

support different kinds of life, vary in character from source to downstream

  • lakes, rivers, streams
  • cold, clear, low in nutrients, swift
  • Downstream water collects to create ponds
  • consumers use smell rather than eyesight
78
Q

Marine biome

A

3% is salt concentration, 97% of earth’s water. Source of most rainfall on earth, home to most life on the planet, photosynthesis by marine algae, source of the biosphere’s oxygen.

79
Q

Intertidal zone

A

submerged or exposed ocean meets land, conditions vary with tide.

80
Q

Coral reefs

A

occur in photic zone of warm tropical waters, algae primary producers, support diverse animal life, being destroyed.

81
Q

Estuaries

A

freshwater meets ocean water

  • salinity ranges depending on tide, usually bordered by mud flats
  • biologically productive environment on earth, high in nutrients.
  • threats: pollution, altered freshwater inflow, non-native species.
82
Q

Competition

A

-/- Two or more species try to obtain the same limited resources: shelter, food, water, light, nutrients

83
Q

Competitive exclusion principal

A

two species cannot coexist indefinitely in the same niche, one species wins. Exclusion not inevitable, species can agree to resource partitioning

84
Q

Resource partitioning

A

resources used in a different way or at a different time

85
Q

symbiosis

A

one species lives in or on another species (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism)

86
Q

Mutualism

A

+/+ benefits both species, improves reproduction

87
Q

Commensalism

A

+/0 one species benefits while the other species is unaffected

88
Q

Parasitism

A

-/+ one species benefits at the expense of another

89
Q

Predation

A

some species eat other species for energy and carbon

90
Q

herbivores

A

eat plants for energy and carbon

91
Q

adaptations

A

feeding on other organisms has negative effects on fitness. plants have adaptations such as: thorns, sap, distasteful, or poisonous
animals: camouflage, coloration, mimicry.

92
Q

coevolution between species

A

adaptation in one species select for adaptation in another, species evolve in response to another

93
Q

keystone species

A

predators that help save one species by eating the predatory species of that species

94
Q

species richness

A

total # of species in a habitat

95
Q

species evenness

A

the proportion of a community that each species occupies

96
Q

ecological succession

A

process of gradual change in a community

97
Q

Primary succession

A

occurs in an area where no life previously existed

98
Q

Secondary succession

A

is caused by disturbances that disrupt biological communities
-disturbances destroy organisms, alter resource availability

99
Q

pioneer species

A

first to colonize, determines other species

-rapid reproduction, efficient dispersal

100
Q

Climax community

A

small-scale disturbances create patchy distribution of succession across a landscapr

101
Q

Ecosystem processes

A
  1. energy flow through an ecosystem

2. chemical cycling between abiotic and biotic

102
Q

food chains/ webs

A

a series of organisms that successively eat one another.

many energy and nutrient transfers

103
Q

trophic level

A

position of an organisms in a food chain relative to energy source
producers-primary consumers-secondary consumers-tertiary consumers then all the waste= detritus and the decomposers eat that then break it down and the cycle starts again.

104
Q

sunlight

A

tiny fraction converted to chemical energy. most absorbed, scattered, reflected by earth’s atmosphere or surface

105
Q

producers

A

algae, plants: fix energy as it enters an ecosystem (gross primary productivity).
used for building biomass and reproduction

106
Q

net productivity

A

gross primary productivity- heat= net primary productivity.

heat is lost

107
Q

productivity (terrestrial)

A

depends on water availability and temperature

108
Q

productivity (aquatic)

A

depends on nutrient availability

109
Q

10% rule

A

one tenth of the energy at one trophic level is available in the next trophic level.
at every conversion heat is lost

110
Q

consumers

A

inefficiently get energy from what producers fix.
-energy pyramid
-10% rule varies- more like 2%-30%
-depends on digestibility and metabolic rate
corn(100kal)-cow(10kal)-human(1kal)

111
Q

biomagnification

A

chemicals in biomass at a low level can be more concentrated at higher levels.

112
Q

DDT

A

pesticide used to kill lice and mosquitos in the 1960’s.

113
Q

fat soluble

A

chemicals that are more likely to become concentrated.

114
Q

biochemical cycling

A

recycling of elements between biotic and abiotic components.

115
Q

four major reservoirs

A

Atmosphere, water, organisms, rocks/soil.
an element may combine with other elements.
some cycling relies only on geologic processes, bypassing the biotic (water cycle).

116
Q

water cycle

A

producers/ consumers take up water from lake, river, pond, groundwater; they lose water by cellular respiration.
evaporation-atmosphere-rains down

117
Q

carbon

A

element critical to life

118
Q

carbon cycle

A

atmospheric CO2-photosynthesis converts CO2 to glucose- producers fix CO2-consumers eat-organic matter in soil broken down by decomposers- respiration returns CO2 to atmosphere.
atmosphere+oceans= slow cycle
rocks and soil+atmosphere=fast cycle

119
Q

water CO2

A

dissolves in ocean- photosynthesis-aquatic food chain-respiration-back to atmosphere

120
Q

Nitrogen

A

essential element, needed for creation of amino acids. 18% of atmosphere

121
Q

nitrogen cycle

A

nitrogen fixation-bacteria and archaea fix to NH4. nitrates produce lightning

122
Q

denitrifcation

A

convert NO3- NO2 happens in oxygen poor environments. Combustion happens through industry

123
Q

phosphorus cycle

A

erosion (abiotic) releases phosphorus from rocks and sediments- decomposition returns it.
phosphorus dissolved-sedimentations-ocean sediments
too much applied causes pollution

124
Q

phosphorus

A

needed for nucleotides, released by weathering

125
Q

biodiversity

A
  1. Variety of ecosystems
  2. variety of species within a community
  3. Variety within the genes of each species
126
Q

diversity

A

loss of diversity limits potential new discoveries

127
Q

endangered

A

immediate high extinction risk

128
Q

vulnerable

A

likely to become extinct soon

129
Q

extinction

A

losing a species, today 200 of 20,000 gone extinct. 20% freshwater fish gone extinct.

130
Q

Mountain ranges

A

air is cooler at highest elevation.

block wind and moist air masses on upwind scale.

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