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Sophomore Year > Biology 104 - Exam 2 > Flashcards

Biology 104 - Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hadean eon

A
  • surface temp. 500-1000 ℃
  • volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, intense UV radiation
  • bombardment by comets, meteorites, possible asteroids
  • atmosphere: pressure & chemical composition very different
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2
Q

Extraterrestrial

A
  • molecules of life arrived via meteorite
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3
Q

Supernatural

A
  • not within realm of scientific inquiry
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4
Q

Miller & Urey

A
  • replicated/simulated Earth’s atmosphere and conditioned and added energy
  • condensation of liquid containing amino acids
  • hypothesized: minerals of dry/hot surfaces (earth) catalyzed reactions
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5
Q

stromatolites

A

sediment and cynobacteria

- some oldest fossils resemble stromatolites

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6
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • 2 billion years –> lived/evolved alone
  • found wherever life is found –> outnumber eukaryotes
  • can cause disease, be beneficial, important for nutrient cycling, important to organisms
  • bacteria and archaea
  • reproduce by binary fission
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7
Q

nucleiod

A

where DNA resides

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8
Q

plasmids

A

circles of DNA apart from the chromosome

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9
Q

ribosomes

A

use mRNA to make proteins

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10
Q

cell wall

A

gives cell shape

- bacteria have peptidoglycan –> archaea do not

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11
Q

slime layer

A

sticky layer of proteins/polysaccharides that may surround cell wall

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12
Q

pili

A

protein allow adhering

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13
Q

flagella

A

whiplike extension that acts a propeller, allows cell to move

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14
Q

endospore

A
  • dormant inner cell protected by thick coat
  • can survive boiling, drying, disinfectants. UV radiation
  • have to be superheated to kill
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15
Q

living organisms require ___, ___, ___

A

energy, carbon, liquid medium (body cells in water)

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16
Q

Classifying prokaryotes

A 
inorganic = photo(light)autotroph/chemo(carbon)autotroph
organic = photoheterotroph/chemoheterotroph
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17
Q

Bacteria

A
  • majority of known prokaryotes
  • form symbiosis with other organisms
  • may cause disease
  • many produce antibiotics
  • found in food, food webs, break down organic matter
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18
Q

symbiosis

A

close association between organisms of two species that live together for mutual benefit

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19
Q

examples of bacteria

A
  • actinomycete: soil bacteria => decomposition
  • cyanobacteria: autotrophic, first to produce O2 via photosynthesis
  • giant bacteria: visible to naked eye
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20
Q

archaea

A
  • originally characterized as extremophiles
  • also found in less extreme environments
  • essential to geochemical cycles on land/ in water
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21
Q

examples of archaea

A

halophiles: slaty/saline environment
methanogens: methane gas produced as byproduct of anaerobic respiration
thermophiles: live in extremely hot environments

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22
Q

pathogenic

A

disease causing bacteria

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23
Q

nitrogen fixers

A

convert nitrogen from the atmosphere to available form of nitrogen (ammonia)

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24
Q

prokaryotic function

A
  • many do work in human body
  • good bacteria crowd out bad –> some essential to digestion
  • harmful bacteria can be ingested/inhaled/enter body through wounds or orfices
  • ecologically important –> essential decomposers
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25
Q

photosynthesis

A

light energy converted to chemical energy

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26
Q

light reactions

A
  • convert solar energy to chemical energy
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27
Q

carbon reactions

A

uses chemical energy to make glucose from carbon dioxide

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28
Q

chloroplast

A
  • light absorbing organelle
  • most dense interior cells of plant leaves
  • green color comes from chlorophyll
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29
Q

chlorophyll

A 
a = dark green
b = light green
caratenoids = yellow
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30
Q

protons

A

particles of light absorbed by chlorophyll –> when electron excited, gives off energy when dropping to original state

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31
Q

water-splitting photosystem

A

replenishes electrons that get kicked out of chlorophyll

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32
Q

electron-carrying photosystem

A

NADPH carries electrons to carbon cycle

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33
Q

carbon cycle

A

input: 9 ATP, 6 NADPH, 3 CO2
output: 9 ADP + 9 P, 6 NADP+, 1 G3P
- need for glucose –> power cell respiration
- –> cellulose/starch are basis to build organism

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34
Q

eukaryotic cell

A
  • nucleus

- other membrane-bound organelles –> i.e. mitochondria

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35
Q

evolution of endomembrane system

A
  • hypothesized to be the infolding pf cell membrane
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36
Q

evolution of mitochondrion & chloroplasts

A
  • endosymbiont theory

- mitochondria hypothesized to be aerobic bacteria –> chloroplast usually photosynthetic bacteria

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37
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

mitochondrion and chloroplasts originated as free-living prokaryotes

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38
Q

evidence - eukaryote evolution

A
  • size, shape, structure similar between organelles and present bacteria
  • analysis of DNA revealed similarities of bacterial DNA
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39
Q

multicellularity

A
  • 1.2 BYA resulted in explosion of variety of forms/sizes

- evolved independently in several lineages —> might also be due to symbiosis

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40
Q

protist

A

eukaryote that is not plant, animal, or fungi –> many unicellular, many microscopic

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41
Q

algae

A
  • any photosynthetic protist that lives in water
  • unicellular/multicellular
  • chloroplasts with pigment variety
  • functionality: produce atmosphere O2
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42
Q

dinoflagellates

A
  • cellulose with protective plates

- red tide –> population explosion, produce toxin

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43
Q

diatoms

A
  • silica cell wall

- two cell walls fit together like shoe box

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44
Q

red algae

A
  • many large, some microscopic

- occupy deeper water => shorter light wavelengths needed to survive

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45
Q

brown algae

A
  • most complex and largest protists

- food/habitat for other life

46
Q

green algae

A
  • share many characteristics to plants
  • unicellular, filamentous, colonial, multicellular
  • ex. chlamydomonas, volvox, ulva
47
Q

water molds

A
  • decomposers/parasites of plants & animals
48
Q

slime molds

A
  • live in damp habitats
  • single cells OR large masses acting like multicellular
  • plasmodial –> bacteria/dead organic matter as food
49
Q

protozoa

A
  • “first animal”
  • most unicellular/chemoheterotophs
  • ingest/absorb energy & carbon
  • aquatic –> free-living, some parasitic
  • mostly asexual reproduction
50
Q

ciliates

A
  • unicellular, some parasitic/symbiotic
51
Q

apicomplexans

A
  • immobile, spore-forming internal parasites of animals
52
Q

fungi

A
  • eukaryotes
  • most multicellular heterotrophs
  • more related to animals than plants
  • –> store excess glucose as glycogen, cll wall made of chitin
  • live everywhere
  • essential decomposers
53
Q

hyphae

A

cytoplasm strands, interconnected, secrete enzymes

54
Q

mycelium

A

mat that maximizes contact with organic matter

55
Q

fungi - reproduction

A
  • release spores produced sexually/asexually
  • spores germinate into hyphae where there is moisture and food
  • classified by structure
56
Q

fungi - decomposers

A
  • hyphae invasive, digest polymers
  • air loaded with spores, colonize/initiate decomposition
  • keep ecosystems stocked with inorganic nutrients for plant growth
57
Q

mycorrhizae

A

fungi + plant root exchange nutrients –> nitrogen + phosphate (fungi) for sugar (plant)

58
Q

lichens

A

fungi + algae, provide shelter in exchange for nutrients

59
Q

fungi - parasites

A
  • 30% fungi parasitic
  • attack agricultural crops/plants
  • cause human disease
60
Q

plant

A

multicellular, photoautotrophic eukaryote

  • evolved from aquatic ancestor
  • use CO2, H2O, and light to form basis of life
61
Q

origin - plants

A
  • closely related to green algae
  • ancestor thought to have lived in water habitat with periods of dryness –> natural selection favored those who could survive both
  • terrestrial adaptation used today are basis for defining major groups
62
Q

charophyceans

A

closest living plant relatives

63
Q

land adaptation

A
  1. must acquire resources in different way
  2. new habitat requires support and material transport
  3. adaptations for reproduction in new drier environment
64
Q

resources - plants

A
  • light/CO2 aboveground
  • water and minerals below ground
  • avoid dehydration –> cuticle
  • allow CO2 in –> stomata
  • distant organs require support –> vascular tissue
65
Q

alternation of generations

A
  • gametophyte + sporophyte => each produces the other but in different ways
  • gametes (n) => fertilization => zygote (2n) => mitosis => sporophyte (2n) => meiosis => spores (n) => mitosis => gametophyte (n) => mitosis => gametes (n)
  • multicellular diploid sporophyte makes haploid cells by meiosis
  • multicellular haploid gametophyte makes haploid gametes by mitosis
66
Q

cuticle

A

waxy covering to keep plant from drying out

67
Q

gametangium

A

protective jacket of cells surrounding moist chamber where egg is held

68
Q

bryophytes

A
  • individuals grow in spongy habitats
  • not aquatic => require wet habitats to acquire nutrients from reproduction
  • liverworts, hornwort, mosses
69
Q

seedless vascular plants

A
  • true roots & stems with lignin and leaves
  • resources collected from different places, still need water to reproduce
  • xylem (water) and phloem (sugar) tubes
  • ferns
70
Q

gymnosperms

A
  • cone-bearing plants with exposed seeds
  • appeared at end of carboniferous period > colder and dryer
  • complete life cycle on dry land, withstand harsh cold
  • pollen sacs produce microspores, female cones produce megaspores
71
Q

angiosperms

A
  • seed enclosed in ovary (fruit) –> facilitates dispersal

- flower facilitates sexual reproduction –> draw attention of animals

72
Q

monocots

A
  • one cotyledon
  • usually parallel veins
  • scattered vascular bundles
  • floral parts in multiples of 3
  • fibrous root system
73
Q

eudicots

A
  • two cotyledon
  • branched veins
  • vascular ring bundles
  • multiples of 4/5
  • taprous root system
74
Q

angiosperm - reproduction

A
  • 4 megaspores created, 1 survives

- 1 egg but polar nuclei

75
Q

pollinaiton

A

pollen lands on stigma of flower –> pollen grain germinates into pollen tube

76
Q

double fertilization

A
  • fertilizes both egg and polar nuclei

- endosperm nucleus (3n) => triploid cell —> provides resources to growing embryo

77
Q

animals

A
  • eukaryotic, heterotrophic, obtains nutrients by ingestion and internal digestion
78
Q

invertabrates

A

without a backbone

79
Q

vertabrates

A

with a backbone

80
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

if only one plane can divide an animal into mirror image

81
Q

radial symmetry

A

if a plane through the body from mouth to opposite end creates multiple mirror images

82
Q

cephalization

A

concentrated sensory organs and a brain in the organisms head
- seen with bilateral symmetry

83
Q

germ layer

A

in animals with true tissues, groups of cells that interact and contribute to the formation of tissues and organs

84
Q

2 germ layers

A

endoderm (in), ectoderm (out)

85
Q

3 germ layers

A

endoderm (in), mesoderm (mid), ectoderm (out)

86
Q

protostomes

A

mouth develops first

87
Q

deuterostomes

A

anus develops first, mouth follows

88
Q

coelom

A

body cavity

  • tube within tube body design
  • fluid filled –> cushions organs, permit growth and movement, separate from outer body wall
  • forms completely within mesoderm
89
Q

pseudoderm

A
  • partly lined with mesoderm

- serves as hydrostatic skeleton

90
Q

incomplete digestive tract

A

food is ingested and excreted from the same opening

91
Q

complete digestive tract

A

mouth takes food in, anus expels waste

92
Q

segmentation

A
  • division of body into different parts

- flexibility & specialization of body

93
Q

sponges

A
  • multicellular, lacks true tissues
  • phylum: porifera
  • spicules: spines to repel predators
  • filter feeders: cells specialized to move water, trap/digest food, distribute nutrients
  • collar cells: cells lining inner sponge membrane with flagella
94
Q

cnidarians

A
  • multicellular, two layers of true tissues, radially symmetric, incomplete digestion, no segmentation, body wall is hydrostatic skeleton, specialized cells
  • phylum: cnidaria
  • reproduce sexually/asexually
  • cnidocytes: stinging cells
  • polyp form –> sessile, medusa form –> free-living
  • carnivores
  • gastrovascular cavity –> cells secrete enzymes for digestion
95
Q

flatworms

A
  • bilateral symmetry, protostomes, incomplete digestion, organ system, simple cephalization
  • phylum: platyhelminthes
  • simple bilateral symmetry –> no coelom
  • some free-living/some parasitic
  • flat body allows exchange of materials with environment
96
Q

planarians

A
  • free-living flatworms
  • hermaphroditic
  • secrete mucus for protection
97
Q

parasitic

A
  • tapeworms –> live in host (suckers and hooks)

- blood flukes –> intermediate host (snails)

98
Q

Mollusks

A
  • organ system, bilateral symmetry, usual cephalization/simple brain, hydrostatic skeleton, sexual reproduction, complete digestive tract, soft bodied, unsegmented, most protected by hard shell, no segmentation
99
Q

gastropoda

A

single, spiral shaped shell –> snail

100
Q

bivalves

A

shell of two halves –> scallop, clam

101
Q

cephalopoda

A

shell, no shell, reduced shell –> octopus, squid

102
Q

mantle

A

layer of specialized tissue, covers visceral mass

103
Q

radula

A

raspy mouthpart used to scrape/tear up food

104
Q

foot

A

movement (gastropods, cephalopods), attachment/digging

105
Q

annelids

A
  • organ system, bilateral, cephalization, true coelom, complete digestion, repeating segments
  • phylum: annelida
  • terrestrial, freshwater, marine
  • oligochaete –> hermaphroditic (earthworms/leeches)
  • polychaete –> separate sexes
106
Q

clitellum

A

site of fertilization

107
Q

oligochaete

A
  • earthworms/leeches

- leeches –> strong jaws, saliva contains anesthetic and anticoagulant

108
Q

polychaete

A
  • crawl/burrow in sea floor, use hard bristles for movement

- segments used for respiration

109
Q

roundworms

A
  • organ system, bilateral, cephalization, pseudocoelom, complete digestion, no segmentation, molting (cuticle)
  • phylum: nematoda
  • aquatic, wet terrestrial habitats
  • free-living –> decomposers
  • parasitic –> live in fluids/tissues of host
110
Q

arthropods

A
  • most abundant/diverse in animal kingdom
  • phylum: arthropoda
  • segmented animals with jointed appendages, exoskeleton, molting –> segments have specialized functions
111
Q

exoskeleton

A
  • made of chitin & proteins –> flexible but tough
  • protection and points for muscle attachment
    must be shed for growth –> molting
112
Q

5 subphylla of arthropods

A
  • trilobites (extinct)
  • chelicerates - horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpians, mites, ticks
  • crustaceans
  • millipedes/centipedes (myriapoda)
  • insects

Sophomore Year (42 decks)

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