BISC 102 - Test 1

Question 0

potential energy

Answer 0

stored energy able to do work

Question 1

energy

Answer 1

the ability to do work or move matter

Question 2

kinetic energy

Answer 2

energy being used to do work

Question 3

calorie

Answer 3

amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water one degree celsius

Question 4

metabolism

Answer 4

sum of the chemical reactions in a cell

Question 5

oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions

Answer 5

transference of energized electrons from one molecule to another

Question 6

oxidation

Answer 6

loss of electron from a molecule, atom, or ion

Question 7

reduction

Answer 7

gain of electrons

Question 8

electron transport chain

Answer 8

each protein accepts an electron from a molecule before it and donates the electron to the next in line

Question 9

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 9

temporarily stores energy released in chemical reactions

Question 10

enzyme

Answer 10

an organic molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed
- extremely sensitive –> can become denatured

Question 11

active site

Answer 11

region to which substrate binds

- fit like puzzle pieces

Question 12

negative feedback

Answer 12

product of a reaction inhibits the enzyme that controls it’s formation
- regulates the metabolic pathway

Question 13

noncompetitive inhibition

Answer 13

product molecule binds to enzyme at location other than the active site and alters the shape of the enzyme so it can no longer bind with the substrate

Question 14

competitive inhibition

Answer 14

reaction product binds to the active site to prevent the binding of enzyme and substrate

Question 15

organic molecules

Answer 15

chemical compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

- plants and autotrophs can make these organic molecules but humans must obtain them from food

Question 16

hydrocarbons

Answer 16

organic molecules that consist almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen

Question 17

monomers

Answer 17

chains of small molecular subunits

Question 18

polymers

Answer 18

linked monomers

- similar to individually linked cars of a train

Question 19

dehydration synthesis

Answer 19

chemical reaction used to link monomers together

- hydrogen is removed to leave oxygen and hydrogen that bind the monomers together
- found in triglycerides

Question 20

hydrolysis

Answer 20

chemical reaction that breaks the covalent bonds that link monomers together
- enzymes do this in your stomach and intestines to break down proteins and polymers in food

Question 21

carbohydrates

Answer 21

organic molecules that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1)

Question 22

monosaccharide

Answer 22

• smallest carbohydrate
• (5-6 carbon atoms)
• i.e. ribose, fructose, glucose

Question 23

disaccharide

Answer 23

two monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis
- i.e. glucose + fructose = sucrose
glucose + galactose = lactose

Question 24

polysaccharides

Answer 24

huge molecules consisting of hundreds of monosaccharide molecules
- i.e. cellulose (fiber)
starch (how plants store carbs)
glycogen (sugar stored in liver)

Question 25

lipids

Answer 25

organic compounds that do not dissolve in water

- serve purpose to store energy, cushion body, insulate

Question 26

triglyceride

Answer 26

three long hydrocarbon chains/fatty acids bonded to glycerol

Question 27

glycerol

Answer 27

three carbon molecule that forms triglyceride backbone

Question 28

carboxyl group

Answer 28

Carbon atom double-bonded to one oxygen and single-bonded to another oxygen carrying a hydrogen atom
- each fatty acid has a carboxyl group

Question 29

saturated fat

Answer 29

contains all the hydrogens it possibly can

• single bonds connect carbons
• each carbon has two hydrogens
• i.e. bacon fat, butter

Question 30

unsaturated fat

Answer 30

at least one double bond between carbon atoms

• double bonds cause kinks
• has oily consistency at room temp.
• i.e. olive oil

Question 31

trans-fats

Answer 31

unsaturated fats whose fatty acid tails are straight not kinked
- common in fried and fast food

Question 32

sterols

Answer 32

lipids that have four interconnected rings

- i.e. cortisone, vitamin d

Question 33

cholesterol

Answer 33

base steroid from where body produces steroids

- i.e. hormones

Question 34

protein

Answer 34

chain of monomers called amino acids

Question 35

amino group

Answer 35

a nitrogen atom single-bonded to two hydrogen atoms

Question 36

R group

Answer 36

distinguish amino acids from one another

- diverse chemical structures

Question 37

peptide bond

Answer 37

• forms by dehydration synthesis
• covalent bond that links each amino acid to its neighbor
  > dipeptide - two linked amino acids
  > tripeptide - three linked amino acids

Question 38

polypeptides

Answer 38

long chains of amino acids

• called protein once it’s folded into functional shape
• proteins may consist of one or more polypeptide chains

Question 39

essential amino acids

Answer 39

• animal products are complete and contain all essential amino acids
• plant proteins are incomplete and are deficient in one or more amino acids
• humans are deficient in 8 amino acids

Question 40

primary conformation of protein

Answer 40

• amino acid sequence

- determines all subsequent structural levels

Question 41

secondary conformation of protein

Answer 41

• substructure with a defined shape
• chain of amino acid folded in coils, sheets, and loops
• each protein can have multiple areas of secondary structure

Question 42

tertiary conformation of proteins

Answer 42

• overall shape of polypeptide
• interactions between r group and water
• water molecules surround each polypeptide
• covalent bonds between sulfur atoms in some r groups further stabilize structure

Question 43

quaternary conformation of protein

Answer 43

• shape arises from interactions of multiple polypeptide subunits of same protein
• protein made of two polypeptides
• hemoglobin made of four polypeptide chains

Question 44

biology

Answer 44

scientific study of life

Question 45

scientific method

Answer 45

general way of using evidence to answer questions and test ideas

observations > question > hypothesis > prediction > test
^——proven/falsified——^

Question 46

hypothesis

Answer 46

tentative answer to a question, testable answer

- can be verified or falsified

Question 47

theory

Answer 47

explanation for natural phenomenon

group of hypotheses

Question 48

sample size

Answer 48

number of individuals to be studied

- the larger the sample = the more credible the results

Question 49

variable

Answer 49

changeable element of an experiment

Question 50

independent variable

Answer 50

variable manipulated to determine its influence

Question 51

dependent variable

Answer 51

depends on the outcome from the independent variable

- response measured

Question 52

standardized variable

Answer 52

constant in an experiment to see the influence of the independent variable

Question 53

controls

Answer 53

constant that provides basis for comparison between “normal” and “abnormal”

Question 54

placebo

Answer 54

inert substance that resembles treatment given to experimental group

Question 55

statistical significance

Answer 55

the probability the results arose purely by chance

Question 56

digestive system

Answer 56

the organs that ingest food, break it down, absorb small molecules and eliminate waste

Question 57

heterotroph

Answer 57

organism that has to consume food to get carbon and energy

Question 58

autotroph

Answer 58

organism [plant, algae] that uses inorganic raw materials and an energy source [sunlight] to build its own organic molecules

Question 59

macronutrients

Answer 59

required in large amounts

i.e. water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Question 60

micronutrients

Answer 60

required in small amounts

i.e. vitamins and minerals

Question 61

vitamins

Answer 61

• organic molecules required in diet for good health

- have carbon, mostly function as assistants to enzymes

Question 62

water-soluble vitamins

Answer 62

vitamin C, folic acid

Question 63

fat-soluble

Answer 63

vitamin A, vitamin D

Question 64

minerals

Answer 64

• inorganic substances required in diet
• do not have carbon
  i. e. calcium, iron, phosphorus

Question 65

metabolic rate

Answer 65

• rate of energy consumption per day

- basal metabolic rate + add. energy consumption

Question 66

basla metabolic rate

Answer 66

amount of energy to maintain basic body functions

• humans: 1300-1800 kcal per day
• depends on activity level, body size, age, heredity

Question 67

malnutrition

Answer 67

dietary deficiency of 1 or more essential nutrients

Question 68

undernutrition

Answer 68

have access to nutrition but choose not to take in enough nutrients

Question 69

what does food provide

Answer 69

• fuel for cellular work
• building materials to construct needed materials to build our bodies
• animals [including humans] must feed on plants/animals since we don’t engage in photosynthesis

Question 70

herbivore

Answer 70

organisms that eat plants

Question 71

ruminant

Answer 71

herbivore with four chambered organ that specializes in digesting grass

Question 72

carnivore

Answer 72

organisms that eat other animals (often those that are herbivores)

Question 73

omnivores

Answer 73

organisms that eat both plants and animals

Question 74

mechanical digestion

Answer 74

breaks food physically into fragments to expose surface area to chemical digestion
i.e. chewing

Question 75

chemical digestion

Answer 75

breakdown of food by digestive enzymes

Question 76

enzymes

Answer 76

catalyst, speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up in the reaction

• lowers amount of energy for the reaction
• lock and key mechanism
• name often ends in ___ase

Question 77

peristalsis

Answer 77

waves of muscle contractions that moves food through the digestive tract

Question 78

incomplete system

Answer 78

has only one opening for food to enter and exit

Question 79

complete system

Answer 79

has two openings, one for food to enter and one for food to exit

Question 80

mouth

Answer 80

• mechanical [chewing to increase surface area] and chemical digestion
• specialized to break down polysaccharides

Question 81

pharynx

Answer 81

• connects mouth to esophagus & trachea

- in swallowing, reflex tip epiglottis to close windpipe/ingest food

Question 82

esophagus

Answer 82

• connector between mouth and stomach

- brings food to stomach

Question 83

stomach

Answer 83

• digests proteins
• can store food for several hours
• mucus protects stomach lining
• mechanical: churns food w/ muscle contractions
• chemical: mixes food, acidic gastric juices

Question 84

pepsin

Answer 84

• enzyme that breaks down proteins in stomach

- gastric juices discharged when food is present

Question 85

chyme

Answer 85

food & gastric juices moved into the small intestine

Question 86

gastric ulcers

Answer 86

• breach in stomach lining
• erosions in stomach lining caused by bacteria
• enzymes meant to breakdown food start to eat stomach

Question 87

small intestine

Answer 87

• fats and everything else
• last digestions and absorption
• energy gained from food absorption
• highly folded to increase absorption area

Question 88

lipases

Answer 88

fat digesting enzymes

Question 89

pancreatic amylase

Answer 89

starch to sugar

Question 90

proteases

Answer 90

protein digesting enzymes

Question 91

villi

Answer 91

finger-like ripples that increase surface area

Question 92

microvilli

Answer 92

finger-like sensors on the ripples of the small intestine

Question 93

large intestine

Answer 93

• water and salt absorption
• waste removal
• shorter but wider than small intestine

Question 94

colon

Answer 94

most of the large intestine length

- absorbs water, produces waste

Question 95

rectum

Answer 95

last six inches of large intestine

Question 96

anus

Answer 96

regulates opening of rectum

Question 97

salivary glands

Answer 97

• releases salivary amylase to breakdown starches

Question 98

liver

Answer 98

produces bile

Question 99

gallbladder

Answer 99

stores bile

Question 100

pancreas

Answer 100

releases/stores enzymes

Question 101

activation energy

Answer 101

amount of energy required to start a reaction