Music 103 - Test 3 Flashcards
fortepiano
- early piano, wide range of dynamic levels
- smaller, less sonorous
enlightenment
- 18th century movement by french intellectuals
- advocated reason as universal source of knowledge/truth
- Voltaire & Diderot
- “dampened” playful spirit of rococo
classical style
- restrained, objective art style
- period of western music from 1750-1825
- form: beauty in order
- melody: duality in themes
- texture: homophonic, melodies generally placed in top line
- dynamics: range increased, changes more subtle & dramatic
- timbre: instrumental dominated, surpassed sacred
viennese style
- more specific over classical
- Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven –> drew inspiration from vienna, greek/roman art
- emotionally restrained approach to art (similar to classical)
form
overall design of the work of a musical composition
symphony
multi-movement orchestral form
sonata-allegro
- “first movement form”
- composed of 3 sections –> exposition, development, recapitulation
- formed binary design
- sonata-form
coda
optional closing section in the sonata-allegro
cadenza
extended passage for the solo instrument
- typical feature of solo concerto –> improvised by soloist
rondo
form in which various episodes alternate with the opening material
- fast tempo, merry mood - ABACA form
string quartet
chamber ensemble consisting of two violins, viola, cello
- multi-movement work (typically 4) - most popular chamber ensemble form
minuet and trio
- often third movement of a symphony/sonata/string quartet
- consists of two or more minuets
- second (trio) lighter/more lyrical than first
overture
- sets the mood, introduces themes
- introductory orchestral piece
comic opera
- light mood
- everyday topics
- smaller cast w/ simple staging
- in vernacular
opera buffa
- shorter comic episodes between longer serious scenes –> not entirely funny
- eventually independent comic opera
pants/trousers role
woman dressed like a man who has to pretend to be a woman
metronome
- instrument used to measure tempo - 1816
- used by Beethoven –> one of the first major composers to use it for markings
motive
short melodic phrase that can be developed > Ride of Valkyries (Wagner), Symp. 9 (Beethoven)
art song
- concert setting of a poem to music
- strophic, through-composed OR modification of the forms
- blending of the arts
lieder
german art songs
requiem
funeral mass for the dead
cyclic form
multi-movement form unified by recurrence of same/similar melodic material in 2+ movements
Nationalism
- new national consciousness –> styles of music characteristic to country
- connection to heritage
The Five
- Borodin
- Balakirev
- Cui
- Mussorgsky
- Rimsky-Korsakov
concert overature
- one movement orchestral work –> evolves to independent piece
- classical form
- romeo & juliet overture (Tchaikovsky)
program symphonies
- multimovement, longer
- form: programatic concepts
- each movement has its own theme
- Symphonie fantastique - Berlioz
symphonic poems
- one movement
- programmatic concepts
- poem with notes instead of words
- major orchestral music innovation
orchestral suites
smaller excerpts from larger works pieced together
- ballets (PIT)
idee fixe
melodic theme that unifies the movements
grand opera
- serious french opera style which emphasized the spectacular
- ballets & stirring chorus
- usually based on historical events
opera comique
- comic opera –> satire OR romance
- spoken dialogue
- shorter, more modest/realistic
- Carmen: George Bizet
leitmotif
weaving melodies through –> unified opera
thematic transformations
represented people,events, ideas
operetta
- reform from serious/large to light/short/comic
- exotic, humorous, witty, social/political satire, unforgettable melodies
- The Mikado: Sullivan & Gilbert
patter songs
tuneful settings, ridiculous multi-syllabic texts (singing tongue twisters)
verismo
realism opera –> characters etc.
- Puccini: Madame butterfly
character pieces
short piano piece in characteristic mood or style
impromptus
improvisatory character pieces
ballades
songlike character pieces
nocturnes
piece expressing the character of the night
preludes
short character piece with no specific form
song cycles
set of songs by one composer/generally the same poet connected by subject and melody
etude
individual exercises for specific instrument
- Paganini: caprices
rubato
“robbing”, stealing from/adding to tempo in highly subjective manner –> dramatic changes
minstrel shows
white me dressed in stereotypical African american dress/blackface that included song, dance, comic repaartee
music drama
- wagner’s concept of musical theater
- drama and music were of equal importance
strain
melodic section of a march or rag
trio
- composition of three voices/instruments
break
dramatic, unstable, strongly rhythmic section in a march
ensemble finale
final scene of a music show or act within show where several soloists express their POV in different words/music
dies irae
Gregorian chant for the dead
diminution
rhythmic technique in which note values are halved, doubling the tempo
Mozart
- child prodigy
- emotionally dependent
- melodist –> light & lyrical
- piano,organ, harpsichord, violin
Haydn
- Austrian
- choirboy & student at Vienna cathedral
- Kappelmeister to Esterhazy
- depths of feeling & creative mind
- The Creation
Beethoven
- revolutionary
- works had more romantic feel but he didn’t discard classical altogether
- little formal education
- studied briefly w/ Haydn but loved mozart
- sonata-allegro design
Mendelssohn
- revered works of Bach
- classicist/romantic
- prolific composer/organist
- chamber music, piano, symphonies
Mendelssohn-Hensel
- pianist encouraged to study but not perform
- performed duets w/ brother –> husband supported music but not performance
- composed chamber music, sometimes published under brothers name
Brahms
- misplaced classist –> used models from past
- motivic development
- chamber music, piano music, symphonies, choral music
- friends of schumanns
Sousa
- composed marches –> director of Marine band
- European march –> melodic sections each reprised
Tchaikovsky
- nationalist to cosmopolitan
- influenced by italian opera
- Eugene Oregin
Paganini
- virtuosity & showmanship –> gift of devil
- violinist
- wrote for violin, orchestra.mandolin, guitar
- caprices –> series of exercises (showcased technique) for performances
Chopin
- brought influence from polish music
- poet of piano
- not happy –> lived in France b/c he had to leave Poland
- long & songlike melodies –> no motivic development
Sullivan & Gilbert
- did not get along but collaborated well
- Operetta
Wagner
- poet/musician
- influenced by Nietzsche
- stage/llibrettos
- music dramas –> fantastic
- Siegfried
Verdi
religious choral music w/ opera/dramatic elements
- Dies Irae
Schubert
- classical & romantic styles
- choirboy in Esterhazy
- lived in his own ideal world
- symphonies: Gretchen am Spinnrade
Gottschalk
- first american composer-performer in europe
- highly virtuosic
- Le bananier
Liszt
- hungarian
- court conductor at Weimar
- piano/orchestral, oratorios, masses, songs, organ music
Puccini
- blending of Wagner and Verdi
- increased orchestral role in opera
- Madame Butterfly
Berlioz
- idee fixe
- master of orchestration
- symphonie fantastique
Foster
- ripped off –> worlds greatest melodist
- family appreciated but did not support music
- Jeanie with light brown hair
