Muscle Anatomy And Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth

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2
Q

What are features of Cardiac Muscles?

A

They push blood through arteries and veins
The have rhythmic contractions

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3
Q

What are features of Smooth Muscles?

A

They push fluids and solids through the body
They are under involuntary contraction

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4
Q

What are the 4 basic properties of muscles?

A

Excitability (respond to stimuli)
Contractility (ability to shorten)
Extensibility (ability to stretch)
Elasticity (ability to rebound toward original length)

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5
Q

What are the functions/Features of Skeletal Muscles?

A

-Skeletal movements
-Maintain posture and body position
-Support soft tissues
-Regulate entry and exit (Swallowing, Defecation, Urination)
-Help maintain body temp
-Under voluntary control

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6
Q

What converges to form tendons?

A

Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium

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7
Q

The chemical communication between a nerve and a muscle takes place at the what?

A

Neuromuscular Junction

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8
Q

What are the parts of the muscle?

A

Myofilaments
Myofibrils
Sacromeres
Sarcoplasm/Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Muscle fascicle
Muscle fibers/Satellite cells
Endo-, Peri-, and Epi- mysium

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9
Q

What are facts about Myofibrils?

A

-They are made of Myofilaments (Actin [Thin filament], Myosin [Thick filament]
-They are arranged in units of sarcomeres

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10
Q

What are facts of Sarcomeres?

A

They are the functional unit of muscle fibers
There are about 10,000 sarcomeres per Myofibrils
They contain overlapping actin and myosin
They create striations

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11
Q

What are the levels of organization of skeletal muscle from smallest to biggest?

A

Sarcomere
Myofibril
Muscle fiber
Muscle fascicle
Skeletal muscle

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12
Q

What is rigor mortis?

A

When lack of ATP causes the inability to relax muscles

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13
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that helps facilitate muscle contraction?

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

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14
Q

Where are calcium ions stored in the muscle?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

What is the relationship between control and muscle fibers?

A

The more precise the control the less muscle fibers are controlled by a motor neuron and vise versa

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16
Q

What is muscle hypertrophy?

A

An increase in muscle mass

17
Q

What is muscle atrophy?

A

Decrease in muscle mass due to lack of use (Ex. Broken leg, Paralysis, etc)

18
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

The tension of a relaxed muscle that stabilizes position of bones and joints

19
Q

What are the three types of skeletal muscles?

A

Fast fibers
Intermediate fibers
Slow fibers

20
Q

What are features of fast fibers?

A

-Large diameter
-High glycogen reserves
-Few mitochondria
-Anaerobic metabolism
-Fatigue easily
-Powerful contractions
-Lead to hypertrophy

21
Q

Features of slow fibers?

A

-Small diameter
-Slow acting but long lasting
-Abundant myoglobin
-Use aerobic metabolism
-Large network of capillaries

22
Q

What are the four ways to classify skeletal muscle by arrangement?

A

-Parallel (Ex. Biceps)
-Convergent (Ex. Pectoralis)
-Pennate (Unipennate, Bipennate, Multipennate)
-Circular (Ex. urethral sphincter)

23
Q

What does Origin mean in muscle terminology?

A

It’s the point of the muscle that remains stationary

24
Q

What does Insertion mean in muscle terminology?

A

The point of the muscle attachment that’s moveable

25
Q

What does Action mean in muscle terminology?

A

The function of the muscle upon contraction

26
Q

What are the 4 types of primary actions of muscles?

A

-Prime movers (Agonists) (Responsible for producing a particular movement)
-Antagonists (Oppose agonist)
-Synergists (Assist the prime mover)
-Fixators (Hold bone in place)