Digestive System

Question 1

What are the main parts of the digestive system?

Answer 1

The mouth
The pharynx
The esophagus
The stomach
The small intestine
The large intestine

Question 2

What are the accessory parts of the digestive system?

Answer 2

Teeth
The Tongue
The Salivary glands
The Pancreas
The Liver
The Gallbladder

Question 3

What is the main function of the mouth? What is the main function of the esophagus?

Answer 3

The mouth begins mechanical digestion and the esophagus brings food to the stomach

Question 4

What is the main function of the Stomach?

Answer 4

It uses enzymes to break down food

Question 5

What is the main function of the small intestine?

Answer 5

It continues to breakdown food with enzymes but it also absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream

Question 6

What is the main function of the salivary glands?

Answer 6

They produce an enzyme that begins food digestion via saliva

Question 7

What is the main function of the pancreas?

Answer 7

The pancreas produces numerous enzymes that enter into the small intestine to digest foods

Question 8

What is the main function of the liver?

Answer 8

It produces bile which helps to break down fats and filters all the blood from the DS

Question 9

What is the main function of the gallbladder?

Answer 9

It stores bile (we could live without it)

Question 10

What is the main function of the Large intestine?

Answer 10

It removes solid wastes, it reabsorbs water into the bloodstream, it houses bacteria that produce vitamin k for blood clotting

Question 11

What makes up the exit to the digestive system?

Answer 11

The rectum (inner anal canal) and anus

Question 12

What are the four major layers of the digestive tract?

Answer 12

The mucosa
The submucosa
The muscularis externa
The serosa

Question 13

What’s special about the mucosa layer of the SI?

Answer 13

The mucosa of the small intestine make up folds called plicae (increased surface area = increased absorption)

Question 14

What is the Submuscosa?

Answer 14

It contains large blood vessels and lymphatics
It also contains several sensory neurons, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers

Question 15

What is the Muscularis Externa?

Answer 15

It is the layer that contains smooth muscle
It is innervated by myenteric plexus

Question 16

What is the function of the serosa? (Digestive system)

Answer 16

It helps to anchor the digestive system to mesenteries

Question 17

What is it called when food gets moved through the digestive system?

Answer 17

Peristalsis

Question 18

What is it called when material is churned fragmented while moving through the DS?

Answer 18

Segmentation

Question 19

What are mesenteries?

Answer 19

They are fused double sheets of peritoneal membrane that help stabilize position of organs and blood vessels

Question 20

What are the structures to know in the Oral cavity?

Answer 20

Tongue
Uvula
Palatoglossal arches
Salivary glands
Teeth

Question 21

What is ankyloglossia?

Answer 21

It’s the result of a very short lingual frenulum

Question 22

What are the three sections of the tongue?

Answer 22

The body, the root, and the dorsum (where the taste buds are contained)

Question 23

What are the two types of muscles on the tongue?

Answer 23

Intrinsic tongue muscles (fine movement) and Extrinsic tongue movement (gross movement)

Question 24

What are the three pairs of salivary glands? What do they produce?

Answer 24

The parotid
The sublingual
The submandibular
They all produce salivary amylase

Question 25

What are the types of teeth?

Answer 25

There are four incisors per jaw There are two cuspids (canine) per jaw Four bicuspids (premolars) per jaw Four to six molars per jaw

Question 26

What are the three parts of a tooth?

Answer 26

The Crown (made of enamel, consists of dentine, consists of pulp with is highly vascularized) The Neck The Root (Consists of artery, vein, nerve)

Question 27

What are the three phases of swallowing?

Answer 27

The Buccal phase (The tongue pushes food to the oropharynx) The Pharyngeal phase (The epiglottis covers the glottis and you swallow) The Esophageal phase (the upper esophageal sphincter opens and bolus begins moving down)

Question 28

What are the sections of the stomach?

Answer 28

The lesser curvature The greater curvature The Cardia (entrance) The Fundus The Body The Gastric Rugae The Pylorus (exit)

Question 29

What are the three types of muscles found on the stomach?

Answer 29

Circular, longitudinal, and oblique muscles

Question 30

What types of cells are located in the stomach?

Answer 30

Mucous surface cells- produce lots of mucous to protect stomach lining Mucous neck cells- produce mucous to lubricate food entering the stomach Gastric pits & glands

Question 31

What are the types of gastric pits?

Answer 31

Parietal cells- secrete intrinsic factor (absorbs vitamin b12) and HCl (kills microorganisms) Chief cells- secrete pepsinogen (turns into pepsin via HCl) Enteroendocrine cells- cells of stomach that produce hormones. G cells produce gastrin which activates the parietal cells

Question 32

How big is the small intestine?

Answer 32

About 20 ft long and 1-2 inches in diameter

Question 33

What are the three sections of the small intestine?

Answer 33

Duodenum (receives digestive enzymes from pancreas and bile from the liver/gallbladder) Jejunum (most digestion and absorption occurs here) (8 feet) Ileum (12 feet)

Question 34

What happens when acidic chyme enters the duodenum?

Answer 34

Buffers are used to maintain a normal small intestine pH of about 7 or 8

Question 35

What are inside the small intestine that increase surface area?

Answer 35

Plicae (which contain villi)

Question 36

What is contained inside a villus and what is their function?

Answer 36

A villus contains capillaries (which absorbs digested nutrients) and a lacteal (where large lipids go)

Question 37

What are intestinal crypts?

Answer 37

They stay at the base of the villi and produce new epithelial cells It also contains enteroendocrine cells that produce intestinal hormones including CCK and Secretin

Question 38

What is Secretin?

Answer 38

It causes the liver to begin making bile and causes the pancreas to release buffers into the duodenum

Question 39

What is CCK (Cholecystokinin)?

Answer 39

Causes the pancreas to release digestive enzymes into duodenum and it causes the gallbladder to release stored bile

Question 40

How big is the large intestine?

Answer 40

It’s about five feet long and 3 inches wide

Question 41

What are the six parts of the large intestine?

Answer 41

Cecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum

Question 42

What is the cecum?

Answer 42

It connects the ileum to the LI The ileocecal valve regulates movement of material between the sections

Question 43

What is attached to the cecum?

Answer 43

The (vermiform) appendix

Question 44

What are the parts of the rectum?

Answer 44

The anal canal The anal columns And the anus

Question 45

What makes the liver special?

Answer 45

It’s the largest visceral organ of the body It has a large blood reservoir It’s involved in metabolic regulation, hematological regulation, bile production

Question 46

Where does the hepatic portal system take all blood in the DS?

Answer 46

The liver

Question 47

What happens to the blood that passes through the liver?

Answer 47

Phagocytic cells remove bad erythrocytes Liver cells also synthesize plasma proteins for blood clotting

Question 48

What does bile do?

Answer 48

It emulsifies fat

Question 49

What separates the two sections of the liver?

Answer 49

The falciform ligament

Question 50

What is the liver divided into?

Answer 50

Lobules

Question 51

The center of each liver lobule contains a vein from what?

Answer 51

The hepatic portal system

Question 52

What are the phagocytic cells in the liver called?

Answer 52

Kupffer cells

Question 53

What is involved in collecting and disposing of bile in the gallbladder?

Answer 53

The cystic duct