Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What are some facts about the heart?

Answer 1

It’s about the size of a fist
It pumps about 1.5 million gallons of blood a year
It pumps about 5 to 30 liters of blood a min
It beats around 100,000 times a day

Question 2

How many chambers does the heart have?

Answer 2

4 (two atria [upper] and two ventricles [lower]

Question 3

What are the two circuits of the heart? What sides of the heart do they reside on?

Answer 3

Pulmonary circuit (Heart > Lung) (Right side)
Systemic circuit (Heart > Rest of body) (Left side)

Question 4

What two membranes lines the pericardial cavity? What do they form together?

Answer 4

The visceral (aka epicardium) and parietal pericardium
They also come together to form pericardial sac filled with pericardial fluid

Question 5

What are the three layers of the heart?

Answer 5

The epicardium, myocardium (cardiac muscle cells = cardiocytes), and endocardium

Question 6

What are characteristics of Cardiocytes?

Answer 6

The contract without info from the CNS, they are connected by intercalated disks, they have extensive circulatory supply

Question 7

What are intercalated disks?

Answer 7

They are specialized cell-to-cell junctions which allow sarcomeres to contract as one functional unit (functional syncytium) they cause autorhythmicity

Question 8

What are the sulcus that can help identify the chambers of the heart

Answer 8

Interatrial sulcus - separates left and right atria
Coronary sulcus - separates atria and ventricles
Anterior and posterior inter ventricular sulcus - separates left and right ventricles

Question 9

What is distinct about the left and right atria?

Answer 9

The have thin walls and expandable extensions called auricles

Question 10

What is the “timeline” of DEOXYGENATED blood?

Answer 10

Blood is collected from the body from ,the largest veins in the body, the Superior and Inferior vena cava
Then the blood is collected in the right atrium
Then the blood travels through the Triscupid valve into the right ventricle
Then the blood travels through the pulmonary valve into the right and left pulmonary Arteries to be oxygenated

Question 11

What is the “timeline” of OXYGENATED blood?

Answer 11

The blood returns from the lungs via the left and right pulmonic veins and goes into the left atrium
The blood then passes the biscupid valve (microvalve) into the left ventricle
Finally the blood travels through the Aortic valve and the Aorta to renter the bloodstream and return to the rest of the body

Question 12

What is the fossa ovalis? Where is it located?

Answer 12

The fossa ovalis is a fetal remanant of the foramen ovale and is located in the right atrium

Question 13

What is connected to the tri and biscupid valves?

Answer 13

Papillary muscles and cordae tendineae

Question 14

What direction does the heart point? What is the tip of the heart called?

Answer 14

The APEX of the heart points and tilts left

Question 15

What are the major coronary blood vessles and what do they do?

Answer 15

The major coronary blood vessels that supply the heart with blood are the left and right coronary arteries and the cardiac veins

Question 16

What are the major branches of the left coronary arteries?

Answer 16

The circumflex a. and the anterior inter ventricular a.

Question 17

Where do all minor veins of the heart drain into?

Answer 17

The great cardiac vein which drains into the coronary sinus

Question 18

What is relaxtion and contraction of the heart called?

Answer 18

Relaxation = Diastole (when the chambers fill with blood)
Contraction = systole (when the blood is ejected into ventricles then into the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta

Question 19

What are the two major parts of the internal conduction system of the heart?

Answer 19

The Sinoatrial node (SA node)
And the Atrioventricular node (AV node)

Question 20

What are some facts about the SA node?

Answer 20

It’s the cardiac pacemaker
It’s located in the posterior wall of the right atrium
It determines the rate of heart contractions
It’s impulse travels to the AV node

Question 21

What are some facts about the AV node?

Answer 21

It sits on the floor of the right atrium
It’s impulse travels to the bundle of His along purkinje fibers to the ventricular myocardium

Question 22

What is bradycardia?

Answer 22

Slow heart rate

Question 23

What is Tachycardia?

Answer 23

Rapid heart rate

Question 24

What are the three protruding pieces of the Aorta?

Answer 24

The Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

Question 25

What is the ligament that connects the aorta and the pulmonary trunk?

Answer 25

Ligamentum arteriosum

Question 26

What are popular disorders of blood vessels?

Answer 26

Hypertension(High blood pressure)
(silent killer)
Atherosclerosis- Plaque/thrombus-sits, embolus-moves
Stroke (No blood flow, parts of brain die)
Heart attack (Part of heart dies)
Aneurysm (ballooning of blood vessels)