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microbiology & immunology > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the U.S. average of antibiotic prescription/person/year

A

0.88

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2
Q

what is an antimicrobial

A

a selective inhibitor of microbial cells

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3
Q

who formulated the idea of selective toxicity and combination therapy for resistance

A

Paul Ehrlich

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4
Q

what are the ideal characteristics of antibacterial agents

A
  • targets bacterial factor ABSENT in human cells
  • minimal toxicity
  • bioavailability
  • bactericidal
  • bacteriostatic
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5
Q

what term refers to killing of bacteria

A

bactericidal

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6
Q

what term refers to inhibiting growth of bacteria

A

bacteriostatic

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7
Q

what are antibiotics

A

antimicrobials produced by live organisms and is usually a secondary metabolite

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8
Q

what do antimicrobials rely on

A

selective cellular inhibition

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9
Q

what are the 3 major targets of antimicrobials

A
  • inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis
  • inhibition of protein synthesis
  • inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
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10
Q

what antibiotic type acts on the bacteria cell wall

A

beta-lactams

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11
Q

what are examples of beta-lactams

A
  • penicillin
  • cephicillins
  • carbapenems
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12
Q

what antibiotic types acts on the bacterial ribosomes

A
  • macrolides
  • tetracyclines
  • aminoglycosides
  • lincosamides
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13
Q

what antibiotic type acts on the bacterial DNA

A

quinolones

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14
Q

what is the #1 used antibiotic in dentistry

A

beta - lactams

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15
Q

what is the #2 used antibiotic in dentistry

A

erythromycin or azithromycin

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16
Q

what is the #3 used antibiotic in dentistry

A

clindamycin

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17
Q

what is a risk of beta - lactam

A

allergy

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18
Q

what is a risk of clindamycin

A

bone infection in the elderly population

19
Q

what drug is good for the treatment of anaerobes in periodontitis

A

metronidazole

20
Q

what do beta - lactams target

A

peptidoglycan

21
Q

what are the steps of how beta - lactams function

A
  • D-ala transpeptidation BLOCKED
  • binds to PBP
  • makes wall WEAKER, but only if bacteria is growing
22
Q

what type of beta - lactam has a broader Gram - spectrum

A

penams - pencillin

23
Q

what is the oral version of penicillin

A

penicillin V

24
Q

what type of penicillin is injected and used mainly on Gram + bacteria

A

penicillin G

25
Q

which of these is among the main reason the community acquired resistant bacterial infections are increasing?

a - use in farming, and unregulated disposal of excess drugs
b - higher use of antibiotics in hospital ICUs
c - climate change
d - patient compliance issues

A

a - use in farming and unregulated disposal of excess

only because community acquried

26
Q

what are antibiotics as found in nature

a - all of these
b - bacterial signal molecules
c - bacterial secondary metabolites
d - produced by fungi and soil bacteria

A

a - all of these

27
Q

what is clavulanic acid

A

the inhibitor of the resistance mechanism most commonly encountered for beta lactams. It is half of the ‘Augmentin’ combination. IT is another decoy - a competitive inhibitor of these bacterial secreted enzymes that can cut beta -lactam rings

28
Q

vancomycin is from __ inhibitors of cell wall synthesis

A

glycopeptide

29
Q

what is the mechanism of action of vancomycin

A

the individual NAM-NAG-(ala-ala) precursors are BOUND preventing crosslinks not a ‘decoy’ to penicillin binding protein like beta - lactam

30
Q

which protein synthesis inhibitor is injection only

A

aminoglycosides

31
Q

what inhibits peptidyl transfer by interfering with the A site bound aa-tRNA

A

chloramphenicol

32
Q

what inhibits peptidyl transfer by blocking peptidyl transferase site

A

tetracycline

33
Q

what binds to the 30S subunit, causes misreading and blocks initiation

A

streptomycin (aminoglycoside)

34
Q

what binds to the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit, inhibits chain translocation like clindamycin and azithromycin

A

erythromycin (macrolide)

35
Q

what do nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors target

A

bacterial RNA polymerases

36
Q

what do nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors bind to

A

beta or catalytic subunit of the RNA polymerase

37
Q

what are nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors derived from

A

streptomyces bacteria

38
Q

what does quinolone inhibit

A

DNA gyrase & topoisomerase IV

39
Q

what are the mechanisms of quinolone resistance

A
  • point mutations of topoisomerase targets
  • permeability changes and efflux pumps
40
Q

what is the suffix for quinolones

A
  • floxacin
41
Q

what is the key therapy in aggressive periodontitis

A

metronidazole

42
Q

what is metronidazole

A

small nitro-imidazole compound activated only by reduction in anaerobic bacteria and protozoans

43
Q

T/F sulfa drugs are typically given with one or more folic acid/ nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor

A

true

microbiology & immunology (23 decks)

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