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Microbiology & Immunology > cytokine self study > Flashcards

cytokine self study Flashcards

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1
Q

what are defined as polypeptides produced in response to microbes and other antigens that mediate and regulate the immune response

A

cytokines

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2
Q

what are the different types of cytokines

A
  • interleukins (1-36)
  • tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
  • transforming growth factor (TGF)
  • interferon (IFN)
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3
Q

what cytokine is associated with the ability to kill tumor cells

A

tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

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4
Q

what cytokine is associated with its ability to transform cell phenotypes

A

transforming growth factor (TGF)

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5
Q

what cytokine is associated with its ability to interfere with viral replication

A

interferon (IFN)

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6
Q

what are chemotactic cytokines that are specialized in. leukocyte movement

A

chemokines

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7
Q

synthesis of cytokines is ___

A

transient (burst)

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8
Q

what is the correct characteristic of cytokines?

a - cytokines are secreted for a long period of time
b - cytokines can activate or inhibit cell functions
c - cytokines can only affect one cell type
d - a cell function can only be affected by one specific cytokine

A

b - cytokines can activate or inhibit cell functions

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9
Q

cytokines can be produced by cells of ___ or ___ immunity

A
  • innate
  • adaptive
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10
Q

what cytokine is produced by macrophages and can active NK cells

A

IFN alpha

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11
Q

what cytokine is produced by NK cells and can activate macrophages

A

IFN gamma

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12
Q

what cytokines participate in the recruitment of neutrophils from the blood by enhancing endothelial cell surface molecules that are required to help neutrophils adhere to the endothelial cell and migrate to the site of the infection

A
  • IL-1
  • TNF alpha
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13
Q

what cytokine increases vascular permeability

A

TNF alpha

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14
Q

what do cytokines released in circulation induce

A

cells from the liver to produce acute-phase reactants

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15
Q

what molecules are opsonins and active the complement pathways

A
  • serum amyloid protein
  • C-reactive protein
  • mannan-binding lectin
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16
Q

IL-1 & TNF alpha released systemically impact ___, ___, and ___ to trigger an increase in ___ that inhibits replication of microbes

A
  • hypothalamus
  • fat
  • muscle
  • body temperature
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17
Q

IL-1 & TNF alpha also affect the bone marrow endothelium for better ___

A

neutrophil mobilization

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18
Q

match the items:
a - neutrophil recruitment
b - natural killer activation
c - acute phase reactant release
d - macrophage activation

1 - IL-6, IL-1, & TNF
2 - TNF & IL-1
3 - IFN alpha
4 - IFN gamma

A

1 - c
2 - a
3 - b
4 - d

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19
Q

cytokines can be __- or ___- inflammatory

A
  • pro
  • anti
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20
Q

what do monocytes differentiate into

A
  • classically activated M1
  • alternatively activated M2
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21
Q

what kind of macrophages produce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12, TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 and are involved in INFLAMMATION

A

M1 macrophages

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22
Q

what kind of macrophages produce anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1o and TGF beta and are involved in TISSUE REPAIR

A

M2 macrophages

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23
Q

M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory while M2 macrophages are anti-inflammatory

a - true
b - false

A

a - true

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24
Q

___ produce cytokines that affect several cell types & ___ that promote T cell differentiation

A
  • T cells
  • IL-2
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25
Q

___ differentiate under the influence of different cytokines into different types of ___

A
  • naive T cells
  • T helper cells
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26
Q

what induces Th1 cell differentiation

A

IL-12

27
Q

what induces Th2 cell differentiation

A

IL-4

28
Q

what induces Th17 cell differentiation

A
  • IL-6
  • TGF beta
29
Q

Th1 cells produce __

A

IFN gamma

30
Q

Th17 cells produce ___

A
  • IL-17
  • IL-22
31
Q

Th2 cells produce ___

A
  • IL-4
  • IL-5
  • IL-13
32
Q

___ produce anti-inflammatory cytokines such as __ and ___ to control the cells of the immune response

A
  • regulatory T cells (Tregs)
  • IL-10
  • TGF beta
33
Q

what is the cytokine that triggers differentiation of naive T cells into Tregs

A

TGF beta

34
Q

___ activates macrophages and help B cells switch the isotype of the immunoglobulin they produce to IgG

A

IFN gamma

35
Q

___ and __ lead to neutrophil activation

A
  • IL-17
  • IL-22
36
Q

___ and ___ activate eosinophils

A
  • IL-4
  • IL-5
37
Q

__ helps B cells switch the isotype of the immunoglobulin they produce to IgE

A

IL-4

38
Q

___ in the germinal center produce __ that help B cells produce immunoglobulins

A
  • T follicular helper cells (Tfh)
  • IL-21
39
Q

match the following terms:

a - IL-4
b - IL-12
c - IL-6 / TGF beta
d - IL-17
e - IL-5
f - IL-2
g - IFN gamma

1 - neutrophil activation
2 - macrophage activation
3 - B cell isotype switching to IgE
4 - Th1 cell differentiation
5 - eosinophil activation
6 - Th17 cell differentiation
7 - T cell proliferation

A

1 - d
2 - g
3 - a
4 - b
5 - e
6 - c
7 - f

40
Q

___ is mostly produced by activated macrophages

A

TNF alpha

41
Q

___ is produced by activated T and B cells

A

TNF beta

42
Q

both __ are potent mediators of inflammatory responses and endogenous pyrogens (fever meidator)

A

TNF

43
Q

In the case of a systemic infection (sepsis), ___ is produced and released in the bloodstream

A

TNF alpha

44
Q

decreased blood volume and disseminated intravascular coagulation that ensue can cause ___ and can lead to ___ associated with multiple organ failure and __

A
  • vessel collapse
  • septic shock
  • amputation
45
Q

a systemic bacterial infection leads to release of ___ in the bloodstream and ____ which may be associated with ____

A
  • TNF alpha
  • septic shock
  • organ failure
46
Q

type I interferon is also referred to as

A

IFN alpha / beta

47
Q

type II interferon is also referred to as

A

IFN gamma

48
Q

___ is produced by epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages, & DC

A

IFN alpha

49
Q

___ is produced by lymphocytes and NK cells

A

IFN gamma

50
Q

what is IFN alpha / beta responsible for

A

host control of viral replication in colds and other infections

51
Q

___ and ___ also induce fever via hypothalamic release of ___ and induce liver cells to produce ___

A
  • IFN gamma
  • IFN alpha
  • PGE2
  • acute phase reactants
52
Q

viral dsRNA binding to ___ triggers production of ___ that induces an antiviral state in uninfected cells in the vicinity

A
  • TLR3
  • IFN alpha / beta
53
Q

binding of IFN apha / beta on IFN receptors triggers ___

A
  • inhibition of protein synthesis
  • degradation of viral RNA
  • inhibition of viral gene expression & virion assembly
54
Q

what is it called when cells that are infected with a virus has its viral replication inhibited

A

antiviral state

55
Q

what is the outcome of IFN alpha triggered by viral infection of the lung cells and binding on receptors of uninfected cells present in the vicinity?

a - release of acute phase reactants
b - differentiation of Th1 cells
c - inhibition of viral replication
d - activation of macrophages

A

c - inhibition of viral replication

56
Q

what are the 4 main chemokine classes? and what are they based on?

A
  • C
  • CC
  • CXC
  • CX3C
  • spacing of their two cysteine residues
57
Q

what is the main function of chemokines

A

stimulate leukocyte movement or chemotaxis by binding to chemokine receptors

58
Q

T/F cells follow the chemokine gradient from highest concentration to lowest concentration

A

false - from lowest concentration to highest concentration

59
Q

what are the different ways that chemokines mediate leukocyte movements

A
  • blood to tissues
  • infection sites to draining lymph nodes
  • primary lyphoid organs to LN and spleen
  • lymphoid organs to infection sites
60
Q

how do chemokines affect leukocytes?

a - they mediate movement of leukocytes from higher to lower concentration
b - they trigger upregulation of adhesion molecules on the leukocytes
c - they trigger upregulation of adhesion molecules on the endothelial cells
d - they mediate movement of leukocytes from lower to higher concentration

A

d - they mediate movement of leukocytes from lower to higher concentration

61
Q

cytokine receptors possess an ____ portion that binds cytokines and a ____ portion that initiates signaling

A
  • extracellular
  • cytoplasmic
62
Q

how does signaling occur for cytokines other than chemokines?

A

phosphorylation of JAK tyrosine kinase & STAT transcription factor

63
Q

binding to specific cytokine receptors on cell surfaces results in ___

A

gene activation

64
Q

the structure of chemokine receptors is different from other cytokine receptors because they possess ___ transmembrane domains that are linked to a ___ that transduces the final signal

A
  • 7
  • G-protein

Microbiology & Immunology (23 decks)

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