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Microbiology & Immunology > 2.7 > Flashcards

2.7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what antibodies are in saliva

A

SIgA & IgG

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2
Q

what is the function of the antibodies in the oral cavity

A

limit bacteria adherence

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3
Q

what do B cells express

A

B cell receptors (BCR)

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4
Q

how are BCRs formed

A

by membrane-bound antibodies in association with invariant membrane proteins Ig alpha and Ig beta

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5
Q

how do BCRs recognize antigens

A

via membrane Ig

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6
Q

how do BCRs transmit signals

A

via Ig alpha and Ig beta

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7
Q

what is an isotype based on

A

the heavy chain

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8
Q

T cells and B cells recognize different forms and types of antigens and B cells may or may not need T cells to be activated. What is the specificity of B cells that develop in a T cell-dependent manner?

a - nucleic acid
b - lipid
c - protein
d - polysaccharide
e - hapten alone

A

c - protein

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9
Q

what Ig’s are monomeric with 2 binding sites

A

IgD, IgE, & IgG

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10
Q

what Ig is pentameric with 10 binding sites

A

IgM

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11
Q

what Ig is mainly dimers with 4 binding sites

A

IgA

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12
Q

what is the structure of immunoglobulin

A

y shape molecule formed by 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains

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13
Q

what are the two forms that immunoglobulin can exist in

A

membrane-bound or secreted

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14
Q

what do variable regions contain

A

antigen-binding sites

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15
Q

what does the constant region of Fc region mediate

A

effector function

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16
Q

what is the function of the constant region of the Fc region

A
  • determine isotype
  • bind complement
  • bind Fc receptors
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17
Q

what is defined as the variable domains of light and heavy chains

A

binding site

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18
Q

an antibody binds a wide variety of antigens including what types

A
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • polysaccharides
  • nucleic acid
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19
Q

what is recognized by the antibody

A

the native not processed antigen

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20
Q

what is defined as the antigen part recognized by an antibody

A

epitope

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21
Q

how is the diversity of BCR generated?

A

recombination of Ig gene segments and junctional diversity

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22
Q

what does the heavy chain locus contain

A

V, D, J, & C genes

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23
Q

what does the light chain locus contain

A

V, J, & C genes

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24
Q

what does C gene organization lead to production of

A

IgM

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25
Q

what is the first C region cluster

A

Cµ

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26
Q

recombination of immunoglobulin genes involves

A

random selection of segments

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26
Q

what is the first antibody to be produced by the C gene

A

IgM

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26
Q

what is immunoglobulin gene recombination mediated by

A

recombinase (RAG) specific for VDJ

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27
Q

what does RAG deficiency lead to

A

SCID - bubble boy

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28
Q

the combinatorial diversity of Ig is ___

A

limited

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29
Q

the junctional diversity of Ig is ___

A

unlimited

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30
Q

what impacts junctional diversity

A
  • exonucleases
  • terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT)
31
Q

Ig has tremendous ____ but produces ____

A
  • diversity
  • nonfunctional genes
32
Q

maturation of lymphocytes involve steps of ___ and ___

A
  • proliferation
  • receptor expression
33
Q

immature cells that do not ___ functional receptors die by ____

A
  • rearrange
  • apoptosis
34
Q

____ undergo negative or positive selection

A

mature cells

35
Q

what is checkpoint 1 for B cell maturation

A

pre-BCR

36
Q

what is checkpoint 2 for B cell maturation

A

IgM

37
Q

selection of immature B cells occurs in the ___ in an antigen-independent manner

A

bone marrow

38
Q

expression of ___ promote survival of B cells & proliferation and triggers recombination of the light chain locus & IgM expression

A

pre-BCR

39
Q

signals from ___ promote survival of B cells

A

IgM

40
Q

what does receptor editing involve

A

light chain recombination

41
Q

what is the result of receptor editing

A

change of the Ig specificity

42
Q

what is the advantage of receptor editing

A

B cells are not eliminated

43
Q

____ eliminates immature B cells that can bind with high affinity ubiquitous self antigens

A

negative selection

44
Q

____ results in clonal expansion and differentiation

A

antigen recognition

45
Q

where do plasma cells producing high affinity Ig migrate to

A

bone marrow or mucosal tissues

46
Q

how long do plasma cells producing high affinity Ig survive

A

years

47
Q

_____ do not secrete Ig

A

memory B cells

48
Q

what lasts a lifetime in mucosal tissues and blood with no restimulation

A

memory B cells

49
Q

what distinguish B cells from T cells?

a - BCR diversity is not achieved by random rearrangement
b - selection of B cells depends on antigen recognition
c - expression of pre-BCR in contrast to pre-TCR induces cell survival
d - receptor editing only occurs for B cells
e - T cells recognize native proteins

A

e - T cells recognize native proteins

50
Q

what antibody response is quicker, larger, has higher affinity, and more abundant IgG

A

secondary

51
Q

what provides signal 2

A

innate immune signals

52
Q

what does signal 1 involve

A

engagement of antigen receptor

53
Q

what does signal 2 involve

A

engagement of CR2 or TLR enhancing B cell activation

54
Q

what delivers the CR2 activating signal

A

CD19 & CD81

55
Q

what type of antibody response is to protein antigens

A

T dependent

56
Q

what type of antibody response is to nonprotein antigens

A

T independent

57
Q

what type of antibody response involves isotype switching

A

T dependent

58
Q

what type of antibody response involves IgM

A

T independent

59
Q

what type of antibody response involves high affinity Ig

A

T dependent

60
Q

what type of antibody response involves low affinity Ig

A

T independent

61
Q

what are small molecules that cannot elicit an immune response by themselves but do so after binding to larger proteins or cells

A

haptens

62
Q

___ process antigens

A

B cells

63
Q

T/F B cells and T cells recognize different epitopes of the same protein

A

true

64
Q

native conformational epitopes are recognized by ___

A

B cells

65
Q

peptide fragments are recognized by ___

A

T cells

66
Q

what does recognition of peptides presented by B cells induce

A

CD40L upregulation in T cells & production of cytokines

67
Q

engagement of CD40 and cytokine receptors on B cells lead to their ____ and ___ in plasma cells

A
  • proliferation
  • differentiation
68
Q

what occurs in the germinal center?

A
  • isotype switching
  • affinity maturation
  • selection of high-affinity B cells
69
Q

what induces isotype switching

A

change in the constant region of the heavy chain with no change in specificity

70
Q

what does isotype switching require from Tfh cells

A

CD40L

71
Q

how is the type of heavy chain isotype determined

A

by the cytokines produced by Tfh cells (IgG & IgE) or tissues (IgA)

72
Q

T/F in switch recombination the specificity of the Ig changes

A

false - does NOT change (same V region)

73
Q

in switch recombination what is different and what does it reflect

A
  • C region
  • function of the Ig
74
Q

what results in the deletion of Cµ gnee

A

activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)

75
Q

activation-induced cytidine deaminase results in recombination bringing ___ next to a different ___

A
  • VDJ exon
  • C gene
76
Q

how are FDC different from classical dendritic cells

A
  • different progenitor
  • no processing of antigen
  • no binding of antigen to MHC molecules
77
Q

what do high-affinity B cells interact with

A
  • follicular DC that display antigens
  • Tfh that promote survival via CD40-CD40L

Microbiology & Immunology (23 decks)

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