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Microbiology & Immunology > Module 13 > Flashcards

Module 13 Flashcards

1
Q

which of these are bacterial infections for which there are NO vaccines?

a - mycobacterium tuberculosis
b - corneybacterium diptheria
c - staphylococcus aureus
d - streptococcus pneumoniae
e - streptococcus pyogenes
f - c & e

A

f - c & e

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2
Q

when they are pathogens, ___ more typically cause less complex, single diseases

A

Gram + rods

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3
Q

clostridium tetani produces ___

A

tetanus toxin

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4
Q

what does Gram + cell wall have instead of LPS

A

teichoic acid

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5
Q

are lactobacilli normal flora

A

yes

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6
Q

are clostridia normal flora

A

yes

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7
Q

are listeria normal flora

A

no

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8
Q

are actinomyces normal flora

A

yes

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9
Q

are corynebacteria normal flora

A

yes

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10
Q

is mycobacteria normal flora

A

no

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11
Q

are bacilli normal flora

A

no

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12
Q

what are the two spore forming Gram + rod bacteria

A

clostridia & bacilli

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13
Q

is clostridia anaerobic or aerobic

A

anaerobic

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14
Q

is bacilli anaerobic or aerobic

A

aerobic

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15
Q

what is mycobacteria associated with

A

TB & leprosy

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16
Q

what is actinomyces associated with

A

face & neck granular abcesses

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17
Q

what is listeria associated with

A

packaged meats

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18
Q

what bacteria are ‘good’ for you

A

lactobacilli

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19
Q

how do lactobacilli get there energy

A

conversion of glucose to lactic acid by fermentation

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20
Q

where are lactobacilli found

A

oral, vaginal, GI tract

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21
Q

what bacteria is likely beneficial, involved in immunomodulation interference with enteric pathogens and help maintain other healthy microflora and can inhibit cariogenic enzymes in strep

A

lactobacilli

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22
Q

what bacteria is the first bacteria to colonize newborns and dominates for the first 3 years

A

bifidobacterium

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23
Q

clostridia is resistant to

A

heat, drying, chemicals, radiation

remain viable for thousands of years

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24
Q

when does clostridia form endospores

A

when the bacteria runs out of nutrients causing stationary growth

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25
Q

what is a Gram + spore-former

A

clostridia

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26
Q

all species of clostridium are found widely distributed in ___

A

soil

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27
Q

what are the 2 neurotoxic clostridia

A

c. botulinum & c. tetani

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28
Q

what does c. botulinum produce

A

botulism toxin

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29
Q

what does c. tetani produce

A

tetanus toxin

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30
Q

what bacteria is associated with cellulitis, gas gangrene + food poisioning

A

c. perfringens

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31
Q

what bacteria is associated with pseudomembranous colitis

A

c. difficile

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32
Q

what bacteria are small Gram + rods or coccobacilli that are commonly found living in soil-plant environments but can grow INSIDE the host cells

33
Q

what is the only species of listeria

A

l. monocytogenes

34
Q

how is listeria obtained

A

commercial food-borne transmission

ingested by animals, amplified in the environment, or packaged food

35
Q

what are spores

A

an asymmetric cell division where the bacteria becomes very resistant to steam, chemicals, and radiation

36
Q

listeria is a ___

A

facultative anaerobe

37
Q

what environment does listeria prefer

A

colder temperatures

38
Q

listeria monocytogenes only causes ___

A

superficial gastroenteritis

39
Q

when can listeria be deadly

A
  • immunocompromised
  • elderly
  • babies
  • pregnant individuals
40
Q

what is an important characteristic of listeria monocytogenes

A

transplacental or “congenital”

41
Q

what is the most dental relevant Gram + rod

A

actinomyces

42
Q

what bacteria is a Gram + filamentous branching bacilli

A

actinomyces

43
Q

where are actinomyces normally present

A

gingival crevice & gut

44
Q

what is actinomyces involved in

A

oral and facial swellings

45
Q

what is a rare CHRONIC suppurative and granulomatous infection that causes cervicofacial lesions and hard non-tender swellings which drain pus through sinus tracts along the jaw and neck

A

actinomycosis

46
Q

in actinomycosis the affected individual often has recently had ___

A
  • dental work
  • poor oral hygiene
  • periodontal disease
  • radiation therapy
  • trauma
47
Q

what are the characteristics of actinomyces

A

yellow “sulfur” granules in pus

48
Q

how is actinomycosis diagnosed

A

largely Gram + staining lesion with sulfur granules indicated by CT/MRI or surgical biopsy

49
Q

what is the treatment of actinomycosis

A

longer and higher beta-lactam antibiotics or doxycycline & surgery to biopsy and remove

50
Q

what bacteria are common and abundant Gram + rods of the normal flora of the URT & skin

A

corynebacteria (diphtheroids)

51
Q

corynebacteria have a ___ arrangement

A

palisading rod / Chinese letter

52
Q

what is the shape of corynebacterium diptheriae

A

irregular or club shaped Gram + rod

53
Q

what does corynebacterium diptheriae cause

54
Q

corynebacterium diptheriae are ___ that do NOT form __

A

aerobes, spores

55
Q

what does corynebacterium diptheriae produce

A

soluble toxin encoded by lysogenic bacteriophages

56
Q

what is the trivalent vaccine against

A
  • diphtheria toxoid
  • pertussis
  • tetanus toxoid
57
Q

what bacteria is Gram + rod that are usually aerobes and form spores

58
Q

what are the 2 medically important bacillus

A

b. anthracis
b. cereus

59
Q

what does bacillus anthracis cause

60
Q

what does bacillus cereus cause

A

food poisoning

61
Q

what are the virulence factors of bacillus anthracis

A

capsule & endotoxins & intracellular germination of spores in hosts

62
Q

what are the 3 types of bacillus anthracis

A

cutaneous, pulmonary, & gastrointestinal

63
Q

where is bacillus anthracis prevelant

A

among individuals working with animal hides and animals

64
Q

what bacteria is Gram + irregular thin rods and is acid-fast stained

A

mycobacteria

65
Q

what does mycobacteria posses

A

mycolic acid & complex glycolipids

66
Q

what does mycobacteria lack

A

flagella & spores

67
Q

T/F there are many mycobacteria in the environment and most are pathogens

A

false - there are many mycobacteria in the environment with only a couple pathogens

68
Q

what are the virulence factors of mycobacteria

A
  • glucan capsule
  • mycolic acids
69
Q

what is acid fast staining

A

staining that exhibits the property of the complex glycolipids of the bacteria to maintain the red staining of the cell wall when decolorized with acid-alcohol

70
Q

what does m. tuberculosis have a unique capacity for

A

lipid metabolism

71
Q

what bacteria is Gram +, acid fast, intracellular, with no environmental reservoir

A

m. tuberculosis

72
Q

all the damage produced by m. tuberculosis is ___

A

delayed-type hypersensitivity

73
Q

m. tuberculosis lacks __

A
  • damaging exoenzymes
  • LPS
  • overt toxins
74
Q

TB is highly contagious but only directly through ___

A

air by spending time near an actively coughing individual

75
Q

which of these Gram + rods form spores? (multiple answers)

a - listeria
b - bacillus
c - corynebacterium
d - clostridium
e - mycobacterium
f - lactobacillus

A

b -bacillus & d - clostridium

76
Q

which of these is a strict anaerobe?

a - clostridium
b - bacillus
c - corynebacterium
d - listeria

A

a - clostridium

77
Q

T/F - teichoic acids are always inflammatory

A

false - in the cell wall of lactobacillus it may help regulate immune responses

78
Q

which of these are intracellular bacteria? (multiple answers)

a - bacillus anthracis
b - listeria monocytogenes
c - clostridium perfringes
d - lactobacillus acidophilus
e - mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

a - bacillus
b - listeria monocytogenes
e - mycobacterium tuberculosis

Microbiology & Immunology (23 decks)

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