2.3 Flashcards
what are examples of oral inflammation conditions
- gingivitis
- pulpitis
- abscess
- periodontitis
- oral ulcers
- root canal infection
inflammation consists of a series of reactions by the host in response to tissue injury to __
- prevent tissue damage
- isolate and destroy infectious organisms
- repair damage & restore normal functions
what are the 4 principals of inflammation
1 - calor (increased temp)
2 - rubor (redness)
3 - tumor (swelling)
4 - dolor (pain)
surface wounds introduce ___, which activates resident ___ to secrete ___
- bacteria
- effector cells
- cytokines
___ & ___ allow fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells to leave blood and enter tissue
- vasodilation
- increased vascular permeability
___ increased capillary permeability leading to ___ & ___ contributing to swelling, redness, heat, and pain
- mediators
- influx of plasma proteins
- phagocytic cells
how do cells at the site of infection alert other innate cells of the immune response
cytokines attract & activate cells, or induce cellular processes
cytokines are produced by innate cells upon ___ & activate or mobilize other cells
interaction with infectious agents
cytokines are produced by __ upon __
- macrophages
- bacterial infection
what term describes vessels enlarging causing greater blood flow but lower velocity
vasodilation
the endothelial wall gains new ___ specific for interactions with ___
- adhesion proteins
- leukocytes
what are cytokines effects on vascular endothelium
- vasodilation
- new adhesion proteins
- loosening of cell junctions
- clotting of microvessels
what does the clotting of microvessels cause
the restriction of the exit of infectious agents from an area
what are the systemic effects of inflammatory cytokines in the liver
activation of complement opsonization
what are the systemic effects of inflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus
increased body temperature decreasing viral and bacterial replication
what are the systemic effects of inflammatory cytokines in fat and muscle
protein and energy mobilization to generate increased body temperature decreasing viral and bacterial replication
fever inhibits:
- enzyme activity involved in protein synthesis
- DNA & RNA replication
what inflammatory cytokines are active in the liver
- IL-6
- IL-1
- TNF alpha
what inflammatory cytokines are active in the hypothalamus
- IL-1
- TNF alpha
what inflammatory cytokines are active in fat and muscle
- IL-1
- TNF alpha
what are the cytokines involved in an abscess
TNF alpha & IL-1
what are the 4 steps of recruitment of leukocytes
1 - upregulation of adhesion molecules
2 - integrin activation by chemokines
3 - stable adhesion
4 - migration through endothelium
how do plasma proteins play a role in inflammation?
they function as opsonin & induce phagocytosis or inflammatory cell recruitment
what are the liver plasma proteins
- SAP
- CRP
- MBL
what are the molecules coating the microbe surface
opsonin
what is the process of marking a microbe for ingestion
opsonization
opsonins simultaneously bind to __ & ___
- microbe
- phagocyte receptor
what binds to the phagocyte scavenger receptor
SAP & CRP
what binds to the phagocyte C1q receptor
MBL
what is the marker for inflammation
CRP
patients with high CRP levels have ___
serious gum disease
the complement system consists of several ___ produced by the liver
heat sensitive plasma proteins
all pathways of the complement system lead to ___ into ___ by ___
- cleavage of C3
- C3a (anaphylatoxin) & C3b (opsonin)
- C3 convertase
___ & ___ induce local inflammatory responses
- C3a
- C5a
___ & ___ are increased in local inflammatory responses
- vascular permeability
- microbicidal activity
which process triggered by opsonization leads to microbe ingestion?
phagocytosis
what is defined as the process of ingestion of opsonin-coated or receptor-bound microbes
phagocytosis
ingestion of microbes induces assembly of ___ or ___ in phagolysosome
- phagocyte
- NADPH oxidase
generation of ___ and ___ is toxic for ingested microbes
- O2-
- reactive oxygen species (ROS: H2O2, OCl-, -OH)
what are the 2 free radical-generating systems for killing microbes
- phagocyte oxidase system
- inducible nitric oxide synthase system
both free radical-generating systems generate ___ that are toxic
ROS & NO & reactive peroxynitrite radicals
what indicates dying neutrophils
pus
what are the toxic oxygen-derived products produced by neutrophils
O2-, H2O2, OCl-, -OH
what are the toxic oxygen-derived products produced by macrophages
O2-, H2O2
T/F neutrophils only kill microbes extracellularly
false - intracellularly & extracellularly
what are networks of extracellular fibers composed of DNA that have high local concentrations of antimicrobial components that bind and kill microbes extracellularly
neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)
what role do liver-produced acute phase reactant proteins play during an infection?
a - they induce cytokine production by innate cells which recruit more leukocytes at the infection sites.
b - they mediate phagocytosis by opsonizing the microbe
c - they induce fever which lower DNA & RNA replication necessary for microbes to divide
d - they directly mediate microbe killing
e - they increase vascular permeability and allow inflammatory cells to enter the tissue
b - they mediate phagocytosis by opsonizing the microbe
how do innate cells mediate inflammation, i.e., identified by swelling, redness, heat, & pain upon infection?
a - they mediate direct killing of microbes
b - they produce molecules that affect other cells
c - they produce molecules that bind on the surface of microbes for their ingestion
d - they produce molecules that mediate repair
e - they produce molecules that trigger the complement pathways
b - they produce molecules that affect other cells
what are the systemic effects of inflammatory cytokines released upon an infection?
a - they only act on the hypothalamus to induce fever
b - they only mobilize neutrophils from the bone marrow
c - they only induce production of acute phase reactants from the liver
d - they upregulate adhesion molecules on endothelial cells
e - they induce fever, mobilize neutrophils from the bone marrow, and induce production of acute phase reactants
e - they induce fever, mobilize neutrophils from the bone marrow, and induce production of acute phase reactants
what are the sequential steps that lead to recruitment of leukocytes at the site of an infection?
a - upregulation of adhesion molecules - stable adhesion - activation of integrin - migration through endothelium
b - upregulation of adhesion molecules - activation of integrin - stable adhesion - migration through endothelium
c - stable adhesion - chemokine release - activation of integrin - migration through endothelium
d - activation of integrin - upregulation of adhesion molecules - stable adhesion - migration through endothelium
e - upregulation of adhesion molecules - stable adhesion - migration through endothelium - activation of integrin
b - upregulation of adhesion molecules - activation of integrin - stable adhesion - migration through endothelium
