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Microbiology & Immunology > 2.3 > Flashcards

2.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are examples of oral inflammation conditions

A
  • gingivitis
  • pulpitis
  • abscess
  • periodontitis
  • oral ulcers
  • root canal infection
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2
Q

inflammation consists of a series of reactions by the host in response to tissue injury to __

A
  • prevent tissue damage
  • isolate and destroy infectious organisms
  • repair damage & restore normal functions
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3
Q

what are the 4 principals of inflammation

A

1 - calor (increased temp)
2 - rubor (redness)
3 - tumor (swelling)
4 - dolor (pain)

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4
Q

surface wounds introduce ___, which activates resident ___ to secrete ___

A
  • bacteria
  • effector cells
  • cytokines
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5
Q

___ & ___ allow fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells to leave blood and enter tissue

A
  • vasodilation
  • increased vascular permeability
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6
Q

___ increased capillary permeability leading to ___ & ___ contributing to swelling, redness, heat, and pain

A
  • mediators
  • influx of plasma proteins
  • phagocytic cells
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7
Q

how do cells at the site of infection alert other innate cells of the immune response

A

cytokines attract & activate cells, or induce cellular processes

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8
Q

cytokines are produced by innate cells upon ___ & activate or mobilize other cells

A

interaction with infectious agents

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9
Q

cytokines are produced by __ upon __

A
  • macrophages
  • bacterial infection
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10
Q

what term describes vessels enlarging causing greater blood flow but lower velocity

A

vasodilation

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11
Q

the endothelial wall gains new ___ specific for interactions with ___

A
  • adhesion proteins
  • leukocytes
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12
Q

what are cytokines effects on vascular endothelium

A
  • vasodilation
  • new adhesion proteins
  • loosening of cell junctions
  • clotting of microvessels
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13
Q

what does the clotting of microvessels cause

A

the restriction of the exit of infectious agents from an area

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14
Q

what are the systemic effects of inflammatory cytokines in the liver

A

activation of complement opsonization

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15
Q

what are the systemic effects of inflammatory cytokines in the hypothalamus

A

increased body temperature decreasing viral and bacterial replication

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16
Q

what are the systemic effects of inflammatory cytokines in fat and muscle

A

protein and energy mobilization to generate increased body temperature decreasing viral and bacterial replication

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17
Q

fever inhibits:

A
  • enzyme activity involved in protein synthesis
  • DNA & RNA replication
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18
Q

what inflammatory cytokines are active in the liver

A
  • IL-6
  • IL-1
  • TNF alpha
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19
Q

what inflammatory cytokines are active in the hypothalamus

A
  • IL-1
  • TNF alpha
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20
Q

what inflammatory cytokines are active in fat and muscle

A
  • IL-1
  • TNF alpha
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21
Q

what are the cytokines involved in an abscess

A

TNF alpha & IL-1

22
Q

what are the 4 steps of recruitment of leukocytes

A

1 - upregulation of adhesion molecules
2 - integrin activation by chemokines
3 - stable adhesion
4 - migration through endothelium

23
Q

how do plasma proteins play a role in inflammation?

A

they function as opsonin & induce phagocytosis or inflammatory cell recruitment

24
Q

what are the liver plasma proteins

A
  • SAP
  • CRP
  • MBL
25
Q

what are the molecules coating the microbe surface

A

opsonin

26
Q

what is the process of marking a microbe for ingestion

A

opsonization

27
Q

opsonins simultaneously bind to __ & ___

A
  • microbe
  • phagocyte receptor
28
Q

what binds to the phagocyte scavenger receptor

A

SAP & CRP

29
Q

what binds to the phagocyte C1q receptor

A

MBL

30
Q

what is the marker for inflammation

A

CRP

31
Q

patients with high CRP levels have ___

A

serious gum disease

32
Q

the complement system consists of several ___ produced by the liver

A

heat sensitive plasma proteins

33
Q

all pathways of the complement system lead to ___ into ___ by ___

A
  • cleavage of C3
  • C3a (anaphylatoxin) & C3b (opsonin)
  • C3 convertase
34
Q

___ & ___ induce local inflammatory responses

A
  • C3a
  • C5a
35
Q

___ & ___ are increased in local inflammatory responses

A
  • vascular permeability
  • microbicidal activity
36
Q

which process triggered by opsonization leads to microbe ingestion?

A

phagocytosis

37
Q

what is defined as the process of ingestion of opsonin-coated or receptor-bound microbes

A

phagocytosis

38
Q

ingestion of microbes induces assembly of ___ or ___ in phagolysosome

A
  • phagocyte
  • NADPH oxidase
39
Q

generation of ___ and ___ is toxic for ingested microbes

A
  • O2-
  • reactive oxygen species (ROS: H2O2, OCl-, -OH)
40
Q

what are the 2 free radical-generating systems for killing microbes

A
  • phagocyte oxidase system
  • inducible nitric oxide synthase system
41
Q

both free radical-generating systems generate ___ that are toxic

A

ROS & NO & reactive peroxynitrite radicals

42
Q

what indicates dying neutrophils

A

pus

43
Q

what are the toxic oxygen-derived products produced by neutrophils

A

O2-, H2O2, OCl-, -OH

44
Q

what are the toxic oxygen-derived products produced by macrophages

A

O2-, H2O2

45
Q

T/F neutrophils only kill microbes extracellularly

A

false - intracellularly & extracellularly

46
Q

what are networks of extracellular fibers composed of DNA that have high local concentrations of antimicrobial components that bind and kill microbes extracellularly

A

neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

47
Q

what role do liver-produced acute phase reactant proteins play during an infection?

a - they induce cytokine production by innate cells which recruit more leukocytes at the infection sites.
b - they mediate phagocytosis by opsonizing the microbe
c - they induce fever which lower DNA & RNA replication necessary for microbes to divide
d - they directly mediate microbe killing
e - they increase vascular permeability and allow inflammatory cells to enter the tissue

A

b - they mediate phagocytosis by opsonizing the microbe

48
Q

how do innate cells mediate inflammation, i.e., identified by swelling, redness, heat, & pain upon infection?

a - they mediate direct killing of microbes
b - they produce molecules that affect other cells
c - they produce molecules that bind on the surface of microbes for their ingestion
d - they produce molecules that mediate repair
e - they produce molecules that trigger the complement pathways

A

b - they produce molecules that affect other cells

49
Q

what are the systemic effects of inflammatory cytokines released upon an infection?

a - they only act on the hypothalamus to induce fever
b - they only mobilize neutrophils from the bone marrow
c - they only induce production of acute phase reactants from the liver
d - they upregulate adhesion molecules on endothelial cells
e - they induce fever, mobilize neutrophils from the bone marrow, and induce production of acute phase reactants

A

e - they induce fever, mobilize neutrophils from the bone marrow, and induce production of acute phase reactants

50
Q

what are the sequential steps that lead to recruitment of leukocytes at the site of an infection?

a - upregulation of adhesion molecules - stable adhesion - activation of integrin - migration through endothelium
b - upregulation of adhesion molecules - activation of integrin - stable adhesion - migration through endothelium
c - stable adhesion - chemokine release - activation of integrin - migration through endothelium
d - activation of integrin - upregulation of adhesion molecules - stable adhesion - migration through endothelium
e - upregulation of adhesion molecules - stable adhesion - migration through endothelium - activation of integrin

A

b - upregulation of adhesion molecules - activation of integrin - stable adhesion - migration through endothelium

Microbiology & Immunology (23 decks)

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