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Microbiology & Immunology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the presence of both an inner membrane and an outer membrane is characteristic of
a - gram + bacteria
b - gram - bacteria
c - both gram + & gram - bacteria
d - neither gram + nor - bacteria

A

b - gram - bacteria

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2
Q

*****for a bacterium with the ability to undergo sporulation, during which of the following “phase of bacterial growth” in liquid culture medium would this sporulation process start?
a - stationary phase
b - exponential phase
c - lag phase
d - transformation phase
e - conjugation phase

A

a - stationary phase

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3
Q

who developed the concept of sterility or the “germ theory of disease”

A

pasteur

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4
Q

what are specific adaptations that help a living organism colonies a specific environment

A

virulence factors

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5
Q

what are the major human pathogenic bacteria

A
  • staph aureus
    strep pyogenes
    strep pneumonie
    gram + rods & mycobacteria
    E. coli & gram -
    neisseria
    haemophilus
    bordetella
    treptonema
    perio & caries pathogens
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6
Q

what are the distinctions of bacteria from eukaryotic cells

A
  • lack membrane organelles (MAIN THING)
  • smaller
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7
Q

what is the most complicated thing in bacteria

A

cytoplasmic membrane

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8
Q

what is any isolated colony (every time) called

A

a strain

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9
Q

what is a culture of many bacteria called

A

species of bacteria

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10
Q

what is a pair of cocci

A

diplococci

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11
Q

what is a cluster of cocci

A

staphylococci

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12
Q

what is a chain of cocci

A

streptococci

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13
Q

what is a curved rod

A

vibrio

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14
Q

what is the primary characteristic for classification, and is observed at the same time as the shape & rearrangement by light microscopy

A

Gram-stain

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15
Q

what does Gram-staining have important implications for

A

structure of cell wall & other surface structures of bacteria

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16
Q

what does Gram-staining actually stain

A

the peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall

17
Q

what are the steps of gram staining

A
  1. prepare a HEAT-fixed film of bacteria on a glass slide
  2. stain with CRYSTAL VIOLET for 1 min & rinse w/ water
  3. treat with Gram’s IODINE for 1 min & rinse w/ water
  4. briefly decolorize with ACTEONE or ETHANOL (a few seconds depending on thickness of film) and rinse w/ water
  5. Counterstain with basic FUCHSIN or SAFRANIN for 1 min & rinse w/ water
  6. BLOT DRY & view under OIL IMMERSION
18
Q

what color is Gram +

A

puplre

19
Q

what color is Gram -

A

red

20
Q

what can a biochemical (metabolic) test kit tell you

A

what kind of sugars are made into acids

21
Q

what are the 3 key characteristics often used in initial bacterial classification

A
  • growth without oxygen?
  • are spores formed?
  • are they motile?
22
Q

what is energy-generating metabolism which involves the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation by electron transport chains

A

respiration

23
Q

what is conversion of the products of glycolysis to other forms without additional ATP gains

A

fermentation

24
Q

what is an example of a spore-forming bacteria

A

Clostridium tetani (tetanus agent)

25
Q

what kind of bacteria can form spores

A

only gram +

26
Q

what can be used for +/- additional strain subtyping or confirmation

A

antigen testing & DNA techniques

27
Q

what is the best way to compare bacteria

A

16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence alignment for similarity

28
Q

what does a phylogenetic tree show

A

3 clusters corresponding to the 3 domains of life (bacteria, eucarya, archaea)

29
Q

do entire genome sequences confirm 16S rRNA phylogeny

A

yes

30
Q

what is the main bacteria for periodontal disease

A

Porphyromonas gingivalis

31
Q

what is the most common strain of Escherichia coli?

A

K12

32
Q

what is used to represent multiple species within that genus

A

ssp.

33
Q

why is it possible to identify many important bacteria simply by shape and Gram stain type?

a - only a few are able to cause common human infections
b - there just aren’t that many types of bacteria around us
c- many bacteria share these simple characteristics
d - only a few bacteria have some of the shapes

A

a - only a few are able to cause common human infections

34
Q

a bacterial virulence factor is __

a - all of these
b - flagella
c - reactive cell wall lipid
d - ability to grow in mucus

A

a - all of these

35
Q

what is the difference between a bacterial species and a strain

a - a strain is any isolate
b - a species is a strain of bacteria
c - a train is a group of bacterial types
d - all of these

A

a - a strain is any isolate

36
Q

what is the modern defining characteristic now used to define different types of bacteria?

a - 16S ribosomal sequence
b - motility and oxygen requirements
c - carbohydrate fermentation pattern
d - none of these

A

a - 16S ribosomal sequence

Microbiology & Immunology (23 decks)

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