Module 11

Question 1

***** which of these are bacterial infections for which there are NO vaccines?

a - mycobacterium tuberculosis
b - corneybacterium diptheria
c - staphylococcus aureua
d - streptococcus pneumoniae
e - streptococcus pyogenes
f - C & E

Answer 1

f - C & E

Question 2

what is the genus Neisseria a pathogen of

Answer 2

respiratory & genital tracts

Question 3

members of the genus neisseria are __

Answer 3

Gram - diplococci

Question 4

T/F humans are the only known reservoir for Neisseria pathogens

Answer 4

true

Question 5

are neisseria pathogens catalase positive or negative

Answer 5

positive –> obligate aerobes

Question 6

what are the main species of the Neisseria genus

Answer 6

• N. meningitidis (meningitis)
• N. gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea)

Question 7

what is closely related to Neisseria and is the normal flora of the upper respiratory tract

Answer 7

Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 8

which neisseria pathogen can go septic increasing the inflammation throughout the body

Answer 8

meningitidis

Question 9

which neisseria pathogen is only able to inhabit mucosal surfaces

Answer 9

gonorrhoeae

Question 10

what is important in the transmission of neisseria pathogens

Answer 10

the carrier state

Question 11

what is the susceptible age group for N. meningitidis

Answer 11

15 - 24

Question 12

how is N. meningitidis transmitted

Answer 12

large respiratory droplets in close range

Question 13

what is the significant morality rate of N. meningitidis

Answer 13

10-15% even w/ antibiotics

Question 14

after _ days in the carrier phase the disease state either stops as a _ or transitions to _ or _

Answer 14

• 10
• minor carrier
• sepsis / meningo-sepsis
• meningitis residing in the spinal cord

Question 15

how is gonorrhea transmitted

Answer 15

spread ONLY by direct genital contact attaching to epithelial cells in the urethra and cervix and remains localized

Question 16

what are the symptoms of N. gonorrhea

Answer 16

inflammation, yellow discharge, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Question 17

what does N. gonorrhea have drug resistance to

Answer 17

beta-lactams & tetracyclines

Question 18

how is N. gonorrhea diagnosed

Answer 18

Gram stain –> Gram - diplococcus

Question 19

what is the spread of large numbers of N. meningitidis in the bloodstream via lymphatic system causing sepsis and LPS/LOS endotxoin shock

Answer 19

meningococcemia

Question 20

how does meningococcemia proceed to meningitis

Answer 20

inflammation spreads to the meninges via choroid plexus

Question 21

what are the neurological defects that meningitis can cause

Answer 21

• neuromotor disabilities
• seizure disorders
• learning difficulties

Question 22

what are the virulence factors of N. meningitidis

Answer 22

• variant LPS in cell envelope (no O-antigen)
• endotoxins that are cytotoxic
• pili (fimbriae)
• exo-enzymes (IgA1 protease)

Question 23

what virulence factor is used for the N. meningitidis vaccine

Answer 23

the polysaccharide capsule

Question 24

what is the function of IgA1

Answer 24

protect against IgA1 on mucosal surfaces and aids in colonization

Question 25

what are the treatment options for N. meningitidis infections

Answer 25

• antibiotics (Penicllin G, but typically not enough on is own)
• steroids (reduces inflammation)

Question 26

___ has the largest problem with bacterial A strains of N. meningitidis

Answer 26

africa

Question 27

what do all Gram - bacteria release

Answer 27

‘blebs’ or outer membrane vesicles

Question 28

how do you prevent N. menigitidis

Answer 28

vaccines

Question 29

what are the vaccines for N. meningitidis

Answer 29

• A/C/Y/W-135 (Menomune)
• ‘B’ strain
• ACY/W conjugate vaccine (Menactra)
• 4CMenB

Question 30

Menomunes use was restricted to to

Answer 30

military

Question 31

Menomune works well in __ but has no response in ___

Answer 31

adults, children < 2 years old

Question 32

how does ACY/W vaccine Menomune work

Answer 32

purified capsule polysaccharide

Question 33

how does ACY/W Conjugate vaccine Menactra work

Answer 33

purified capsule polysaccharide conjugated to protein (diptheria toxoid)

Question 34

the US now sees mostly type __ strains of N. meningitidis

Answer 34

B

Question 35

what is the appearance of the haemophilus genus

Answer 35

small Gram - coccobacilli

Question 36

Haemophilus are a a major part of the normal flora of the __

Answer 36

URT

Question 37

how does H. influenzae spread

Answer 37

via inhalation of airborne droplets, shared secretions, etc.

Question 38

non-invasive infections usually originate from __

Answer 38

existing normal flora strains of H. influenzae that do NOT have a capsule

Question 39

what are infections that H. influenzae can cause

Answer 39

• sinusitis
• pink eye
• pneumonia

Question 40

what are invasive infections that H. influenzae can cause

Answer 40

• septicemia
• meningitis

Question 41

what are the symptoms and syndromes of septicemia

Answer 41

• disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
• septic shock
• death

Question 42

what are H. influenzaes virulence factors

Answer 42

• cellular envelope w/ LPS (LOS) no O-antigen
• endotoxin
• cytotoxic
• inflammatory
• capsule
• exoenzymes (IgA protease)

Question 43

what is the first conjugate vaccine for H. influenzae

Answer 43

type b capsule covalently linked to a protein (diphtheria toxoid & tetanus toxoid)

Question 44

why are these pathogens considered “triplets”

Answer 44

respiratory, encapsulated –> bloodstream –> meningitis