Module 11 Flashcards by Mallory Housman

***** which of these are bacterial infections for which there are NO vaccines?

a - mycobacterium tuberculosis
b - corneybacterium diptheria
c - staphylococcus aureua
d - streptococcus pneumoniae
e - streptococcus pyogenes
f - C & E

f - C & E

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what is the genus Neisseria a pathogen of

respiratory & genital tracts

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members of the genus neisseria are __

Gram - diplococci

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T/F humans are the only known reservoir for Neisseria pathogens

true

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are neisseria pathogens catalase positive or negative

positive –> obligate aerobes

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what are the main species of the Neisseria genus

N. meningitidis (meningitis)
N. gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea)

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what is closely related to Neisseria and is the normal flora of the upper respiratory tract

Moraxella catarrhalis

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which neisseria pathogen can go septic increasing the inflammation throughout the body

meningitidis

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which neisseria pathogen is only able to inhabit mucosal surfaces

gonorrhoeae

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what is important in the transmission of neisseria pathogens

the carrier state

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what is the susceptible age group for N. meningitidis

15 - 24

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how is N. meningitidis transmitted

large respiratory droplets in close range

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what is the significant morality rate of N. meningitidis

10-15% even w/ antibiotics

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after _ days in the carrier phase the disease state either stops as a _ or transitions to _ or _

10
minor carrier
sepsis / meningo-sepsis
meningitis residing in the spinal cord

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how is gonorrhea transmitted

spread ONLY by direct genital contact attaching to epithelial cells in the urethra and cervix and remains localized

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what are the symptoms of N. gonorrhea

inflammation, yellow discharge, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

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what does N. gonorrhea have drug resistance to

beta-lactams & tetracyclines

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how is N. gonorrhea diagnosed

Gram stain –> Gram - diplococcus

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what is the spread of large numbers of N. meningitidis in the bloodstream via lymphatic system causing sepsis and LPS/LOS endotxoin shock

meningococcemia

how does meningococcemia proceed to meningitis

inflammation spreads to the meninges via choroid plexus

what are the neurological defects that meningitis can cause

neuromotor disabilities
seizure disorders
learning difficulties

what are the virulence factors of N. meningitidis

variant LPS in cell envelope (no O-antigen)
endotoxins that are cytotoxic
pili (fimbriae)
exo-enzymes (IgA1 protease)

what virulence factor is used for the N. meningitidis vaccine

the polysaccharide capsule

what is the function of IgA1

protect against IgA1 on mucosal surfaces and aids in colonization

what are the treatment options for N. meningitidis infections

- antibiotics (Penicllin G, but typically not enough on is own) - steroids (reduces inflammation)

___ has the largest problem with bacterial A strains of N. meningitidis

africa

what do all Gram - bacteria release

'blebs' or outer membrane vesicles

how do you prevent N. menigitidis

vaccines

what are the vaccines for N. meningitidis

- A/C/Y/W-135 (Menomune) - 'B' strain - ACY/W conjugate vaccine (Menactra) - 4CMenB

Menomunes use was restricted to to

military

Menomune works well in __ but has no response in ___

adults, children < 2 years old

how does ACY/W vaccine Menomune work

purified capsule polysaccharide

how does ACY/W Conjugate vaccine Menactra work

purified capsule polysaccharide conjugated to protein (diptheria toxoid)

the US now sees mostly type __ strains of N. meningitidis

what is the appearance of the haemophilus genus

small Gram - coccobacilli

Haemophilus are a a major part of the normal flora of the __

URT

how does H. influenzae spread

via inhalation of airborne droplets, shared secretions, etc.

non-invasive infections usually originate from __

existing normal flora strains of H. influenzae that do NOT have a capsule

what are infections that H. influenzae can cause

- sinusitis - pink eye - pneumonia

what are invasive infections that H. influenzae can cause

- septicemia - meningitis

what are the symptoms and syndromes of septicemia

- disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) - septic shock - death

what are H. influenzaes virulence factors

- cellular envelope w/ LPS (LOS) no O-antigen - endotoxin - cytotoxic - inflammatory - capsule - exoenzymes (IgA protease)

what is the first conjugate vaccine for H. influenzae

type b capsule covalently linked to a protein (diphtheria toxoid & tetanus toxoid)

why are these pathogens considered "triplets"

respiratory, encapsulated --> bloodstream --> meningitis