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Microbiology & Immunology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

bacterial virulence attributes often transfer from one bacterium to another by exchange of what three types of DNA

A
  • chromosomal DNA
  • plasmid DNA
  • transposon DNA
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2
Q

acquisition of strain resistance is most often by ___ in bacterial DNA

A

mutations

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3
Q

what are 2 of the 3 major molecular targets for antimicrobials

A
  • bacterial replication
  • gene expression
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4
Q

bacterial DNA is present on ____ chromosomes with ___ and potentially ___

A
  • circular
  • transposons
  • plasmids
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5
Q

bacteria lack a nucleus but their genetic information is present in a _____ within a cell

A

nuclear region

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6
Q

nonspecific proteins are ___ but have no ___

A

associated, histones

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7
Q

what occurs since there is no nuclear membrane

A

SIMULTANEOUS transcription and translation

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8
Q

plasmid DNA replication with ___

A

two replication forks

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9
Q

replication of bacterial DNA occurs by ___

A

DNA polymerases

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10
Q

T / F plasmids can be exchanged between strains of bacteria

A

True

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11
Q

plasmids have protein coding regions that include:

A
  • colonization factors
  • virulence determinants
  • antibiotic resistance
  • conjugation pili
  • entire metabolic pathways
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12
Q

what contributes to the pathogenicity of many species

A

plasmids

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13
Q

plasmids sharing a region readily join together by ____ and what is it called

A
  • cross-over homologous recombination
  • Campbell recombination
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14
Q

what are mobile genetic elements

A

transposons

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15
Q

transposons always encode ___ enzyme integration into a chromosome target site, with or without additional gene(s)

A

recombinases

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16
Q

T/F transposons can move to plasmid and back possibly inactivating an existing gene

A

true

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17
Q

some transposons contain genes coding for bacterial surface pili allowing them to __

A

move between cells

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18
Q

what are the 3 major processes in maintenance and expression of bacterial genetic information

A
  • REPLICATION of bacterial chromosomal & plasmid DNA
  • TRANSCRIPTION of bacterial genes
  • TRANSLATION of bacterial mRNAs
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19
Q

what is DNA synthesis by DNA-dependent DNA polymerases

A

replication

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20
Q

what is mRNA synthesis by RNA polymerases on a DNA template

A

transcription

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21
Q

what is protein synthesis by ribosomes with tRNA and associated factors

A

translation

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22
Q

__ & __ of bacterial genes are central in colonization, virulence, & pathogenicity

A

presence & expression

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23
Q

what are secreted biologically active components used for attachment & adhesion

A

cell walls, toxins, flagella, pilli/fimbriae

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24
Q

how does RNA polymerase initiate transcription of bacterial DNA regions into RNA

A

recognizes the promoter region

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25
Q

what is a sequence in the DNA that binds RNA polymerase

A

a promoter

26
Q

bacterial mRNAs are different than eukaryotic mRNAs in that

A

about half encode more than one protein

27
Q

what type of mRNAs have multiple ORFs and are only seen in bacteria

A

polycistronic mRNAs

28
Q

what type of mRNAs have a single ORF

A

monocistronic mRNA

29
Q

what is a bacterial operon

A

a 3 protein coding region

30
Q

what is the first gene ever identified that allows lactose fermentation

A

lac operon

31
Q

what is a unit of controlled gene expression

A

a gene

32
Q

___ is the HERITABLE gene

A

RNA coding region

33
Q

when do ribosomes begin translating mRNAS

A

as they are being made

34
Q

what are prokaryotic ribosomes that translate mRNA

A

polysomes

35
Q

a ribosome is a ___ complex

A

ribonucleoprotein

36
Q

what is the role of a ribosome

A

the assembly of amino acids into proteins

37
Q

what are the 3 ways bacteria are able to exchange DNA

A
  • transformation
  • transduction
  • conjugation
38
Q

what is the term for when cells take up naked DNA? this occurs in VERY FEW bacteria

A

transformatipn

39
Q

what is the term for when phages carry host DNA? this occurs in MOST bacteria

A

transduction

40
Q

what is the term for when cells mate through specialized appendages? this usually occurs between SAME SPECIES

A

conjugation

41
Q

what allows for the spread of virulence genes and/or antibiotic resistance genes

A

DNA recombination & genetic transfer in bacteria

42
Q

what are the steps of transformatin

A
  • The bacterial cell lyses and the bacterial DNA goes directly into the environment
  • the naked bacterial DNA is then susceptible to DNAses
  • that naked bacterial DNA is then encoded into another bacterial cell
43
Q

what is a virus that attacks bacteria and replicates by invading a living cell and using the cell’s molecular machinery

A

bacteriophage

44
Q

what are bacteriophages composed of

A

DNA & proteins

45
Q

what are the 2 types of phages

A
  • virulent / LYTIC phages
  • temperature / LYSOGENIC phages
46
Q

what type of phages interact with RNA & DNA

A

virulent / LYTIC phages

47
Q

what type of phages interact with only DNA

A

temperate / LYSOGENIC phages

48
Q

what type of phage is involved in infection of susceptible bacteria always leading to destruction of bacterial cells & release of new infectious phages

A

virulent / LYTIC phages

49
Q

what type of phage is dependent on growth conditions and can either lyse the host or they can integrate into the chromosome

A

temperature / LYSOGENIC phages

50
Q

T/F lysogenic phages can ‘go lytic’ when growth conditions change

A

true

51
Q

what is the transfer of F plasmid DNA from F+ (plasmid-positive) donor cell to F- recipient cell

A

bacterial conjugation

52
Q

what is the F plasmid that is excised from HFR chromosome and carries new regions

A

F-prime donor

53
Q

___ is known to cause resistance to spread quickly through entire Gram - populations

A

plasmid mediated conjugation

54
Q

what is a bacteria that has the F plasmid integrated into their DNA

A

Hfr+ = high frequency recombination

55
Q

what is an irregular or club shaped Gram + rod bacteria that causes diptheria

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae

56
Q

what does the toxin produced by C. diphtheria cause

A

membrane like coating in the throat by ribosylation of the ribosome

57
Q

when does C. diphtheriae produce a soluble toxin

A

when it is encoded by a LYSOGENIC bacteriophage

58
Q

what is homologous recombination?

a - recombination between two DNA helixes that are aligned over shared sequence (>400 bp)
b - integration of one circular DNA into another
c - fusion of two similar kinds of bacteria into a novel new form
d - method to introduce genes into bacteria for production of useful proteins

A

a - recombination between two DNA helixes that are aligned over shared sequence (>400 bp)

59
Q

which one of these is NOT a bacterial genetic element?

a - ribosome
b - circular chromosome
c - transposon
d - plasmid

A

a - ribosome

60
Q

what is unique about bacterial genes or transcription units compared to those of eukaryotes?

a - they can have more than one protein coding region
b - mutations in the control region of the transcription unit can change gene expression
c - they are read as nucleotide triplets by the ribosome
d - they can be inactivated by transposons

A

a - they can have more than one protein coding region

61
Q

what additional capabilities do temperature ( or lysogenic) bacteriophages have compared to lytic phages?

a - ability to do specialized transduction
b - ability to lyse host bacteria
c - ability to change to phenotype of host bacteria
d - tail fibers in addition to head capsid

A

a - ability to do specialized transduction

Microbiology & Immunology (23 decks)

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