Module 5

Question 1

bacterial virulence attributes often transfer from one bacterium to another by exchange of what three types of DNA

Answer 1

• chromosomal DNA
• plasmid DNA
• transposon DNA

Question 2

acquisition of strain resistance is most often by ___ in bacterial DNA

Answer 2

mutations

Question 3

what are 2 of the 3 major molecular targets for antimicrobials

Answer 3

• bacterial replication
• gene expression

Question 4

bacterial DNA is present on ____ chromosomes with ___ and potentially ___

Answer 4

• circular
• transposons
• plasmids

Question 5

bacteria lack a nucleus but their genetic information is present in a _____ within a cell

Answer 5

nuclear region

Question 6

nonspecific proteins are ___ but have no ___

Answer 6

associated, histones

Question 7

what occurs since there is no nuclear membrane

Answer 7

SIMULTANEOUS transcription and translation

Question 8

plasmid DNA replication with ___

Answer 8

two replication forks

Question 9

replication of bacterial DNA occurs by ___

Answer 9

DNA polymerases

Question 10

T / F plasmids can be exchanged between strains of bacteria

Answer 10

True

Question 11

plasmids have protein coding regions that include:

Answer 11

• colonization factors
• virulence determinants
• antibiotic resistance
• conjugation pili
• entire metabolic pathways

Question 12

what contributes to the pathogenicity of many species

Answer 12

plasmids

Question 13

plasmids sharing a region readily join together by ____ and what is it called

Answer 13

• cross-over homologous recombination
• Campbell recombination

Question 14

what are mobile genetic elements

Answer 14

transposons

Question 15

transposons always encode ___ enzyme integration into a chromosome target site, with or without additional gene(s)

Answer 15

recombinases

Question 16

T/F transposons can move to plasmid and back possibly inactivating an existing gene

Answer 16

true

Question 17

some transposons contain genes coding for bacterial surface pili allowing them to __

Answer 17

move between cells

Question 18

what are the 3 major processes in maintenance and expression of bacterial genetic information

Answer 18

• REPLICATION of bacterial chromosomal & plasmid DNA
• TRANSCRIPTION of bacterial genes
• TRANSLATION of bacterial mRNAs

Question 19

what is DNA synthesis by DNA-dependent DNA polymerases

Answer 19

replication

Question 20

what is mRNA synthesis by RNA polymerases on a DNA template

Answer 20

transcription

Question 21

what is protein synthesis by ribosomes with tRNA and associated factors

Answer 21

translation

Question 22

__ & __ of bacterial genes are central in colonization, virulence, & pathogenicity

Answer 22

presence & expression

Question 23

what are secreted biologically active components used for attachment & adhesion

Answer 23

cell walls, toxins, flagella, pilli/fimbriae

Question 24

how does RNA polymerase initiate transcription of bacterial DNA regions into RNA

Answer 24

recognizes the promoter region

Question 25

what is a sequence in the DNA that binds RNA polymerase

Answer 25

a promoter

Question 26

bacterial mRNAs are different than eukaryotic mRNAs in that

Answer 26

about half encode more than one protein

Question 27

what type of mRNAs have multiple ORFs and are only seen in bacteria

Answer 27

polycistronic mRNAs

Question 28

what type of mRNAs have a single ORF

Answer 28

monocistronic mRNA

Question 29

what is a bacterial operon

Answer 29

a 3 protein coding region

Question 30

what is the first gene ever identified that allows lactose fermentation

Answer 30

lac operon

Question 31

what is a unit of controlled gene expression

Answer 31

a gene

Question 32

___ is the HERITABLE gene

Answer 32

RNA coding region

Question 33

when do ribosomes begin translating mRNAS

Answer 33

as they are being made

Question 34

what are prokaryotic ribosomes that translate mRNA

Answer 34

polysomes

Question 35

a ribosome is a ___ complex

Answer 35

ribonucleoprotein

Question 36

what is the role of a ribosome

Answer 36

the assembly of amino acids into proteins

Question 37

what are the 3 ways bacteria are able to exchange DNA

Answer 37

- transformation - transduction - conjugation

Question 38

what is the term for when cells take up naked DNA? this occurs in VERY FEW bacteria

Answer 38

transformatipn

Question 39

what is the term for when phages carry host DNA? this occurs in MOST bacteria

Answer 39

transduction

Question 40

what is the term for when cells mate through specialized appendages? this usually occurs between SAME SPECIES

Answer 40

conjugation

Question 41

what allows for the spread of virulence genes and/or antibiotic resistance genes

Answer 41

DNA recombination & genetic transfer in bacteria

Question 42

what are the steps of transformatin

Answer 42

- The bacterial cell lyses and the bacterial DNA goes directly into the environment - the naked bacterial DNA is then susceptible to DNAses - that naked bacterial DNA is then encoded into another bacterial cell

Question 43

what is a virus that attacks bacteria and replicates by invading a living cell and using the cell's molecular machinery

Answer 43

bacteriophage

Question 44

what are bacteriophages composed of

Answer 44

DNA & proteins

Question 45

what are the 2 types of phages

Answer 45

- virulent / LYTIC phages - temperature / LYSOGENIC phages

Question 46

what type of phages interact with RNA & DNA

Answer 46

virulent / LYTIC phages

Question 47

what type of phages interact with only DNA

Answer 47

temperate / LYSOGENIC phages

Question 48

what type of phage is involved in infection of susceptible bacteria always leading to destruction of bacterial cells & release of new infectious phages

Answer 48

virulent / LYTIC phages

Question 49

what type of phage is dependent on growth conditions and can either lyse the host or they can integrate into the chromosome

Answer 49

temperature / LYSOGENIC phages

Question 50

T/F lysogenic phages can 'go lytic' when growth conditions change

Answer 50

true

Question 51

what is the transfer of F plasmid DNA from F+ (plasmid-positive) donor cell to F- recipient cell

Answer 51

bacterial conjugation

Question 52

what is the F plasmid that is excised from HFR chromosome and carries new regions

Answer 52

F-prime donor

Question 53

___ is known to cause resistance to spread quickly through entire Gram - populations

Answer 53

plasmid mediated conjugation

Question 54

what is a bacteria that has the F plasmid integrated into their DNA

Answer 54

Hfr+ = high frequency recombination

Question 55

what is an irregular or club shaped Gram + rod bacteria that causes diptheria

Answer 55

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Question 56

what does the toxin produced by C. diphtheria cause

Answer 56

membrane like coating in the throat by ribosylation of the ribosome

Question 57

when does C. diphtheriae produce a soluble toxin

Answer 57

when it is encoded by a LYSOGENIC bacteriophage

Question 58

what is homologous recombination? a - recombination between two DNA helixes that are aligned over shared sequence (>400 bp) b - integration of one circular DNA into another c - fusion of two similar kinds of bacteria into a novel new form d - method to introduce genes into bacteria for production of useful proteins

Answer 58

a - recombination between two DNA helixes that are aligned over shared sequence (>400 bp)

Question 59

which one of these is NOT a bacterial genetic element? a - ribosome b - circular chromosome c - transposon d - plasmid

Answer 59

a - ribosome

Question 60

what is unique about bacterial genes or transcription units compared to those of eukaryotes? a - they can have more than one protein coding region b - mutations in the control region of the transcription unit can change gene expression c - they are read as nucleotide triplets by the ribosome d - they can be inactivated by transposons

Answer 60

a - they can have more than one protein coding region

Question 61

what additional capabilities do temperature ( or lysogenic) bacteriophages have compared to lytic phages? a - ability to do specialized transduction b - ability to lyse host bacteria c - ability to change to phenotype of host bacteria d - tail fibers in addition to head capsid

Answer 61

a - ability to do specialized transduction