Module 3 Flashcards
how does bacteria usually divide
asexual binary fission
how does bacteria grow
using biosynthetic pathways & assembly of MACROMOLECULES
how is the energy for biosynthesis and reproducing obtained
respiration or fermentation
what kind of bacteria can grow and sporulate and survive at high temperatures
thermophilic bacteria
what do the metabolic pathways to form energy do
convert 1 glucose to 2 pyruvate
what energy source is used in the metabolic pathways
NAD+
what is NAD+ produced from
niacin
how is NAD+ regenerated
- fermentation (no O2)
- respiration (O2)
- anaerobic respiration
which process produces the most energy when combined with glycolysis
aerobic respiration
why does aerobic respiration produce so much more energy
uses Krebs cycle and adds more energy through electron transport to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
what is pyruvate completely oxidized to by the Krebs cycle
CO2
how does the electron transport chain work
NADH donates electrons to cytochromes of the cytoplasmic membrane to create a gradient of H+ to couple to the production of ATPs
what occurs during fermentation
incomplete oxidation of carbohydrates, with pyruvate being converted into organic acids, ethanol and carbon dioxide, or other organics
what is anaerobic respiration
the utilization of nitrate (NO3 -), sulfate (SO4 2-), carbonate (CO3 2-), and other ions rather than oxygen as a final electron acceptor
how many moles of ATP are produced per glucose in aerobic respiration
38
how many moles of ATP are produced per glucose in anaerobic respiration
> 2 but <38
how many moles of ATP are produced per glucose in fermentation
2
what is the final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration
molecular oxygen
what is the final electron acceptor of anaerobic respiration
inorganic molecules (NO3 -, SO4 2-, CO3 2-)
what are the 3 basic types of bacteria
- facultative anaerobic
- obligate anaerobes
- strictly aerobic
what are facultative anaerobic
bacteria that can grow in presence or absence of oxygen
what are obligate anaerobes
cannot tolerate oxygen
what are strict aerobes
ONLY grow in presence of oxygen
what is the purpose of bacterial metabolism and energy production
to polymerize biological macromolecules from precursors
what are host-dependent intracellular bacteria
bacteria that can only live inside cells
what human pathogen is exceptional in lacking peptidoglycan, and is small size and genome? it causes PNEUMONIA & contributes to PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
Mycoplasma
what human pathogen is gram - with two cell formes that require ATP from host cells? it causes EYE INFECTIONS, URETHRITIS, & GENITAL INFECTIONS or PNEUMONIA
Chlamydiae
how does binary fission work in streptococci
polar septum & cell division
how does binary fission work in staphylococci
random septum & random cell division
what is the equation to determine the number of doublings or N
(# of bacteria time B) / (# of bacteria time A) = 2^N
what is the equation for doubling time
(time elapsed from A to B) / N
what is the expression that determines the growth of bacteria
2^N
N = # of doubling
2^N = # of bacteria
what is the bacterial growth curve
arithmetic versus exponential / logarithmic
what is the term used to describe the growth initiated when diluted bacteria is added to new liquid culture medium & the growth terminated with depletion of nutrients in a medium
bacterial ‘growth phase’
what is the first phase of bacterial growth phase
lag phase
what is the second phase of bacterial growth phase
exponential phase
what is the third phase of bacterial growth phase
stationary phase
what is the fourth phase of bacterial growth phase
decline phase
T/F all cell in a bacterial population are growing
FALSE - not all cells are growing
what is the phenotypically resting cell in a bacterial population
persisters
T/F non-growing bacteria in complex biofilm populations can survive antibiotics; while, growing bacteria does not survive
true
is it harder to kill faster growing bacteria or slower growing bacteria
slower growing bacteria
what is an alternative to binary fission that occurs in a few Gram + bacteria when nutrients become limited or environmental conditions are stressful
sporulation
is sporulation symmetric or asymmetric to produce a tough survival form
asymmetric
what are the most common spore forming gram + bacteria
bacillus (strict aerobes) & clostridium (anaerobes)
does sporulation involve growth or division
NO - metabolically inert so no growth or division
what makes a bacteria more resistant to solar radiation and drying and some heat
sporulation
T/F sporulation does not contain ALL necessary components for regeneration and vegetative growth
false - sporulation DOES contain ALL necessary components
how does sporulation occur
a cell divides and then one cell engulf another forming a spore
what are the steps of sporulation?
- after chromosome replicates & new chromosomes separate, the cytoplasmic membrane INVAGINATES and the septum begins to form
- once the septum is complete, the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacterium ENGULFS the newly forming spore
- PEPTIDOGLYCAN is deposited in a thick layer around the spore. DNA beings to DEGRADE
- A PROTEIN COAT forms around the peptidoglycan of the ENDOSPORE
- bacterium LYSES, spore is RELEASED
what is the most reisstant of viral & other cellular infectious agents
bacterial spores
bacterial spores have a relative resistance of microbes to ___
disinfecting chemicals
Rather than classic binary fission and exponential growth in tubes, bacteria in nature more often live on surfaces as ____
mixed communities
what is a structured community of micro-organisms that is adhered to a surface and enclosed in carbohydrate and proteins
biofilm
what are the diseases caused by bacterial biofilm
- dental caries
- periodontitis
- otitis media
- musculoskeletal infections
- necrotizing fasciitis
- UTIs
- prostatitis
- endocarditis
what is central in periodontal disease and tooth decay
biofilms
