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Microbiology & Immunology > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

how does bacteria usually divide

A

asexual binary fission

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2
Q

how does bacteria grow

A

using biosynthetic pathways & assembly of MACROMOLECULES

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3
Q

how is the energy for biosynthesis and reproducing obtained

A

respiration or fermentation

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4
Q

what kind of bacteria can grow and sporulate and survive at high temperatures

A

thermophilic bacteria

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5
Q

what do the metabolic pathways to form energy do

A

convert 1 glucose to 2 pyruvate

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6
Q

what energy source is used in the metabolic pathways

A

NAD+

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7
Q

what is NAD+ produced from

A

niacin

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8
Q

how is NAD+ regenerated

A
  • fermentation (no O2)
  • respiration (O2)
  • anaerobic respiration
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9
Q

which process produces the most energy when combined with glycolysis

A

aerobic respiration

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10
Q

why does aerobic respiration produce so much more energy

A

uses Krebs cycle and adds more energy through electron transport to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

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11
Q

what is pyruvate completely oxidized to by the Krebs cycle

A

CO2

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12
Q

how does the electron transport chain work

A

NADH donates electrons to cytochromes of the cytoplasmic membrane to create a gradient of H+ to couple to the production of ATPs

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13
Q

what occurs during fermentation

A

incomplete oxidation of carbohydrates, with pyruvate being converted into organic acids, ethanol and carbon dioxide, or other organics

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14
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

the utilization of nitrate (NO3 -), sulfate (SO4 2-), carbonate (CO3 2-), and other ions rather than oxygen as a final electron acceptor

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15
Q

how many moles of ATP are produced per glucose in aerobic respiration

A

38

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16
Q

how many moles of ATP are produced per glucose in anaerobic respiration

A

> 2 but <38

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17
Q

how many moles of ATP are produced per glucose in fermentation

A

2

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18
Q

what is the final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration

A

molecular oxygen

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19
Q

what is the final electron acceptor of anaerobic respiration

A

inorganic molecules (NO3 -, SO4 2-, CO3 2-)

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20
Q

what are the 3 basic types of bacteria

A
  • facultative anaerobic
  • obligate anaerobes
  • strictly aerobic
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21
Q

what are facultative anaerobic

A

bacteria that can grow in presence or absence of oxygen

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22
Q

what are obligate anaerobes

A

cannot tolerate oxygen

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23
Q

what are strict aerobes

A

ONLY grow in presence of oxygen

24
Q

what is the purpose of bacterial metabolism and energy production

A

to polymerize biological macromolecules from precursors

25
Q

what are host-dependent intracellular bacteria

A

bacteria that can only live inside cells

26
Q

what human pathogen is exceptional in lacking peptidoglycan, and is small size and genome? it causes PNEUMONIA & contributes to PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE

A

Mycoplasma

27
Q

what human pathogen is gram - with two cell formes that require ATP from host cells? it causes EYE INFECTIONS, URETHRITIS, & GENITAL INFECTIONS or PNEUMONIA

A

Chlamydiae

28
Q

how does binary fission work in streptococci

A

polar septum & cell division

29
Q

how does binary fission work in staphylococci

A

random septum & random cell division

30
Q

what is the equation to determine the number of doublings or N

A

(# of bacteria time B) / (# of bacteria time A) = 2^N

31
Q

what is the equation for doubling time

A

(time elapsed from A to B) / N

32
Q

what is the expression that determines the growth of bacteria

A

2^N

N = # of doubling
2^N = # of bacteria

33
Q

what is the bacterial growth curve

A

arithmetic versus exponential / logarithmic

34
Q

what is the term used to describe the growth initiated when diluted bacteria is added to new liquid culture medium & the growth terminated with depletion of nutrients in a medium

A

bacterial ‘growth phase’

35
Q

what is the first phase of bacterial growth phase

A

lag phase

36
Q

what is the second phase of bacterial growth phase

A

exponential phase

37
Q

what is the third phase of bacterial growth phase

A

stationary phase

38
Q

what is the fourth phase of bacterial growth phase

A

decline phase

39
Q

T/F all cell in a bacterial population are growing

A

FALSE - not all cells are growing

40
Q

what is the phenotypically resting cell in a bacterial population

A

persisters

41
Q

T/F non-growing bacteria in complex biofilm populations can survive antibiotics; while, growing bacteria does not survive

A

true

42
Q

is it harder to kill faster growing bacteria or slower growing bacteria

A

slower growing bacteria

43
Q

what is an alternative to binary fission that occurs in a few Gram + bacteria when nutrients become limited or environmental conditions are stressful

A

sporulation

44
Q

is sporulation symmetric or asymmetric to produce a tough survival form

A

asymmetric

45
Q

what are the most common spore forming gram + bacteria

A

bacillus (strict aerobes) & clostridium (anaerobes)

46
Q

does sporulation involve growth or division

A

NO - metabolically inert so no growth or division

47
Q

what makes a bacteria more resistant to solar radiation and drying and some heat

A

sporulation

48
Q

T/F sporulation does not contain ALL necessary components for regeneration and vegetative growth

A

false - sporulation DOES contain ALL necessary components

49
Q

how does sporulation occur

A

a cell divides and then one cell engulf another forming a spore

50
Q

what are the steps of sporulation?

A
  1. after chromosome replicates & new chromosomes separate, the cytoplasmic membrane INVAGINATES and the septum begins to form
  2. once the septum is complete, the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacterium ENGULFS the newly forming spore
  3. PEPTIDOGLYCAN is deposited in a thick layer around the spore. DNA beings to DEGRADE
  4. A PROTEIN COAT forms around the peptidoglycan of the ENDOSPORE
  5. bacterium LYSES, spore is RELEASED
51
Q

what is the most reisstant of viral & other cellular infectious agents

A

bacterial spores

52
Q

bacterial spores have a relative resistance of microbes to ___

A

disinfecting chemicals

53
Q

Rather than classic binary fission and exponential growth in tubes, bacteria in nature more often live on surfaces as ____

A

mixed communities

54
Q

what is a structured community of micro-organisms that is adhered to a surface and enclosed in carbohydrate and proteins

A

biofilm

55
Q

what are the diseases caused by bacterial biofilm

A
  • dental caries
  • periodontitis
  • otitis media
  • musculoskeletal infections
  • necrotizing fasciitis
  • UTIs
  • prostatitis
  • endocarditis
56
Q

what is central in periodontal disease and tooth decay

A

biofilms

Microbiology & Immunology (23 decks)

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