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Microbiology & Immunology > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

how does bacteria usually divide

A

asexual binary fission

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2
Q

how does bacteria grow

A

using biosynthetic pathways & assembly of MACROMOLECULES

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3
Q

how is the energy for biosynthesis and reproducing obtained

A

respiration or fermentation

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4
Q

what kind of bacteria can grow and sporulate and survive at high temperatures

A

thermophilic bacteria

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5
Q

what do the metabolic pathways to form energy do

A

convert 1 glucose to 2 pyruvate

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6
Q

what energy source is used in the metabolic pathways

A

NAD+

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7
Q

what is NAD+ produced from

A

niacin

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8
Q

how is NAD+ regenerated

A
  • fermentation (no O2)
  • respiration (O2)
  • anaerobic respiration
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9
Q

which process produces the most energy when combined with glycolysis

A

aerobic respiration

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10
Q

why does aerobic respiration produce so much more energy

A

uses Krebs cycle and adds more energy through electron transport to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

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11
Q

what is pyruvate completely oxidized to by the Krebs cycle

A

CO2

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12
Q

how does the electron transport chain work

A

NADH donates electrons to cytochromes of the cytoplasmic membrane to create a gradient of H+ to couple to the production of ATPs

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13
Q

what occurs during fermentation

A

incomplete oxidation of carbohydrates, with pyruvate being converted into organic acids, ethanol and carbon dioxide, or other organics

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14
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

the utilization of nitrate (NO3 -), sulfate (SO4 2-), carbonate (CO3 2-), and other ions rather than oxygen as a final electron acceptor

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15
Q

how many moles of ATP are produced per glucose in aerobic respiration

A

38

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16
Q

how many moles of ATP are produced per glucose in anaerobic respiration

A

> 2 but <38

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17
Q

how many moles of ATP are produced per glucose in fermentation

A

2

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18
Q

what is the final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration

A

molecular oxygen

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19
Q

what is the final electron acceptor of anaerobic respiration

A

inorganic molecules (NO3 -, SO4 2-, CO3 2-)

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20
Q

what are the 3 basic types of bacteria

A
  • facultative anaerobic
  • obligate anaerobes
  • strictly aerobic
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21
Q

what are facultative anaerobic

A

bacteria that can grow in presence or absence of oxygen

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22
Q

what are obligate anaerobes

A

cannot tolerate oxygen

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23
Q

what are strict aerobes

A

ONLY grow in presence of oxygen

24
Q

what is the purpose of bacterial metabolism and energy production

A

to polymerize biological macromolecules from precursors

25
what are host-dependent intracellular bacteria
bacteria that can only live inside cells
26
what human pathogen is exceptional in lacking peptidoglycan, and is small size and genome? it causes PNEUMONIA & contributes to PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
Mycoplasma
27
what human pathogen is gram - with two cell formes that require ATP from host cells? it causes EYE INFECTIONS, URETHRITIS, & GENITAL INFECTIONS or PNEUMONIA
Chlamydiae
28
how does binary fission work in streptococci
polar septum & cell division
29
how does binary fission work in staphylococci
random septum & random cell division
30
what is the equation to determine the number of doublings or N
(# of bacteria time B) / (# of bacteria time A) = 2^N
31
what is the equation for doubling time
(time elapsed from A to B) / N
32
what is the expression that determines the growth of bacteria
2^N N = # of doubling 2^N = # of bacteria
33
what is the bacterial growth curve
arithmetic versus exponential / logarithmic
34
what is the term used to describe the growth initiated when diluted bacteria is added to new liquid culture medium & the growth terminated with depletion of nutrients in a medium
bacterial 'growth phase'
35
what is the first phase of bacterial growth phase
lag phase
36
what is the second phase of bacterial growth phase
exponential phase
37
what is the third phase of bacterial growth phase
stationary phase
38
what is the fourth phase of bacterial growth phase
decline phase
39
T/F all cell in a bacterial population are growing
FALSE - not all cells are growing
40
what is the phenotypically resting cell in a bacterial population
persisters
41
T/F non-growing bacteria in complex biofilm populations can survive antibiotics; while, growing bacteria does not survive
true
42
is it harder to kill faster growing bacteria or slower growing bacteria
slower growing bacteria
43
what is an alternative to binary fission that occurs in a few Gram + bacteria when nutrients become limited or environmental conditions are stressful
sporulation
44
is sporulation symmetric or asymmetric to produce a tough survival form
asymmetric
45
what are the most common spore forming gram + bacteria
bacillus (strict aerobes) & clostridium (anaerobes)
46
does sporulation involve growth or division
NO - metabolically inert so no growth or division
47
what makes a bacteria more resistant to solar radiation and drying and some heat
sporulation
48
T/F sporulation does not contain ALL necessary components for regeneration and vegetative growth
false - sporulation DOES contain ALL necessary components
49
how does sporulation occur
a cell divides and then one cell engulf another forming a spore
50
what are the steps of sporulation?
1. after chromosome replicates & new chromosomes separate, the cytoplasmic membrane INVAGINATES and the septum begins to form 2. once the septum is complete, the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacterium ENGULFS the newly forming spore 3. PEPTIDOGLYCAN is deposited in a thick layer around the spore. DNA beings to DEGRADE 4. A PROTEIN COAT forms around the peptidoglycan of the ENDOSPORE 5. bacterium LYSES, spore is RELEASED
51
what is the most reisstant of viral & other cellular infectious agents
bacterial spores
52
bacterial spores have a relative resistance of microbes to ___
disinfecting chemicals
53
Rather than classic binary fission and exponential growth in tubes, bacteria in nature more often live on surfaces as ____
mixed communities
54
what is a structured community of micro-organisms that is adhered to a surface and enclosed in carbohydrate and proteins
biofilm
55
what are the diseases caused by bacterial biofilm
- dental caries - periodontitis - otitis media - musculoskeletal infections - necrotizing fasciitis - UTIs - prostatitis - endocarditis
56
what is central in periodontal disease and tooth decay
biofilms

Microbiology & Immunology (23 decks)

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