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Microbiology & Immunology > 2.1 > Flashcards

2.1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the term that defines defense against microbes and tumors

A

protective

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2
Q

what is the term that defines the ability to cause disease, e.g., autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, hypersensitivities, allergies, etc.

A

aberrant

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3
Q

the immune response is mediated by the ___

A

immune system

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4
Q

what is the term that describes the immune reaction to any substance, infectious or non-infectious, foreign or self

A

immune response

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5
Q

what is included in the immune response

A
  • microbes
  • macromolecules
  • metals
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6
Q

what is any substance that induces a specific adaptive immune response (T & B cells)

A

antigens

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7
Q

each microbe posses many different ___

A

antigens

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8
Q

what are the substances that can act as antigens

A
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
  • lipids
  • polysaccharides
  • metals
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9
Q

what is the term that describes the first antigen encounter

A

primary immune response

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10
Q

what is the term that describes the second encounter with the same antigen

A

secondary immune response

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11
Q

what causes disease

A

abnormal immune response

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12
Q

what are the roles of the immune system

A
  • defense against infections
  • defense against tumors
  • injure cells and induce pathologic inflammation
  • recognizes and responds to tissue grafts and newly introduced proteins
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13
Q

deficient immunity results in increased ____

A

susceptibility to infections

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14
Q

vaccination boosts ___ and protects against ___

A
  • immune defenses
  • infections
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15
Q

____ are the cause of allergic, autoimmune, and other inflammatory diseases

A

immune responses

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16
Q

immune responses are barriers to ___ and ___

A
  • transplantation
  • gene therapy
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17
Q

what is defined as the immediate, non antigen specific response with no memory

A

innate immunity

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18
Q

innate immunity is always present to ___

A

block microbe entry

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19
Q

T/F innate immunity is antigen specific

A

false - NOT antigen specific

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20
Q

T/F innate immunity has NO memory

A

true

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21
Q

what organisms are involved in innate immunity

A

phagocytes –> neutrophils & monocytes/macrophages

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22
Q

what is defined as the cells requiring specific antigen recognition, expansion, activation, & involve LONG-LASTING MEMORY

A

adaptive immunity

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23
Q

what does adaptive immunity require

A

expansion / differentiation of lymphocytes

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24
Q

T/F adaptive immunity is antigen specific

A

true

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25
Q

what are the types of adaptive immunity

A
  • humoral
  • cell-mediated
  • recognize microbial antigens, on microbes, or host cell surfaces
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26
Q

what is described as immunity mediated by antibodies and extracellular microbes

A

humoral immunity

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27
Q

what is described as immunity involving T lymphocytes and intracellular microbes

A

cell-mediated immunity

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28
Q

what is the function of humoral immunity

A

blocks infections and eliminates extracellular microbes

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29
Q

what is the function of cell-mediated immunity

A
  • elimination of phagocytosed microbes
  • kills infected cells and eliminates reservoirs of infection
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30
Q

what is the first step of clonal selection

A

lymphocyte clones with diverse receptors arise in generative lymphoid organs

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31
Q

what is the second step of clonal selection

A

clones of mature lymphocytes specific for many antigens enter lymphoid tissues

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32
Q

what is the third step of clonal selection

A

antigen-specified clones are activated by antigens

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33
Q

what is the final step of clonal selection

A

antigen-specific immune response occurs

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34
Q

how long does it take for the primary immune response to occur

A

1-3 weeks

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35
Q

how long does it take for the secondary immune response occur & why

A
  • 2-7 days
  • mounts larger and more effective responses to repeated antigen exposures
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36
Q

what cells collaborate in the immune system

A
  • lymphocytes
  • antigen-presenting cells
  • effector cells
37
Q

where are lymphocytes located

A

blood/lymphoid organs

38
Q

what are the types of lymphocyte cells

A
  • B lymphocytes
  • T lymphocytes
39
Q

what is the overall function of lymphocytes as a whole

A

specific recognition of antigens

40
Q

what is the function of B lymphocytes

A

mediators of humoral immunity

41
Q

what is the function of T lymphocytes

A

mediators of cell-mediated immunity

42
Q

what cell type circulates and initiates a response upon recognition of antigen

A

lymphocytes

43
Q

what cell type detects the presence of microbes

A

antigen-presenting cells

44
Q

what are the types of antigen-presenting cells

A
  • dendritic cells
  • macrophages
  • B cells
45
Q

where are antigen-presenting cells located

A

tissue / lymphoid organs

46
Q

what is the overall function of antigen-presenting cells as a whole

A

capture of antigens for display to lymphocytes

47
Q

what is the function of dendritic cells

A

initiation of T cell responses

48
Q

what is the function of macrophages

A

effector phase of cell-mediated immunity

49
Q

what is the function of follicular dendritic cells

A

display of antigens to B lymphocytes in humoral immune responses

50
Q

what cell type is involved in destroying microbes

A

effector cells

51
Q

what are the types of effector cells

A
  • T lymphocytes
  • macrophages
  • granulocytes
52
Q

where are effector cells

A

travel in the blood to the site of infection

53
Q

what is the overall function of effector cells as a whole

A

elimination of antigens

54
Q

what is the function of T lymphocytes

A

activation of phagocytes, killing infected cells

55
Q

what is the function of macrophages

A

phagocytosis and killing of microbes

56
Q

what is the function of granulocytes

A

killing microbes

57
Q

what cells are involved in the neutralization of microbes, phagocytosis, and complement activation

A

B lymphocyte

58
Q

what cells are involved in the activation of macrophages, inflammation, and activation of T & B lymphocytes

A

helper T cells

59
Q

what cells are involved in killing of infected cell

A

cytotoxic T lymphocyte

60
Q

what cells are involved in the suppression of immune response

A

regulatory T lymphocyte

61
Q

what do B cells mature in

A

bone marrow

62
Q

what do T cells mature in

A

thymus

63
Q

what are the stages of lymphocyte differentiation

A

1 - naive cells (antigen recognition)
2 - activated or effector lymphocyte (proliferation)
3 - differentiation
4 - memory lymphocyte

64
Q

naive T/B cells survive for ___ and die if __

A
  • weeks to months
  • no antigen is present
65
Q

effector T/B cells are ___ and die when ___

A
  • short lived
  • the antigen is eliminated
66
Q

memory T/B cells survive for ___

A

long periods of time

67
Q

___ occurs in primary lymphoid organs, while ___ occurs in secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • maturation
  • activation
68
Q

what does organization of secondary lymphoid organs enable

A
  • antigen presenting cells to concentrate antigens
  • lymphocytes to identify and respond to antigens
  • cells to interact with each other
69
Q

lymph drains into ___ with concentrations of ___ allowing sampling of __ at the site

A
  • lymph nodes
  • antigens
  • antigens by antigen presenting cells
70
Q

T/F lymph nodes have no distinct cell zones

A

false - distinct B & T cell zones

71
Q

what cells pick up antigens in tissues and migrate to lymph nodes

A

dendritic cells

72
Q

what allows sampling of antigens by antigen presenting cells in the spleen

A

blood entering the spleen

73
Q

activated T cells migrate in tissues to __

A

eliminate microbes

74
Q

what organs are involved in the mucosal immune system

A

skin, gut, lung

75
Q

what coordinates movement of T and B cells

A

chemokines & chemokine receptors

76
Q

B cells are attached in ___ around the ___

A
  • follicles
  • periphery

cortex

77
Q

T cells are attached ___ but adjacent to ___

A
  • outside
  • follicles

paracortex

78
Q

what are the phases of adaptive immune response

A
  • antigen recognition
  • clonal expansion
  • differentiation in effector cells
  • contraction via apoptosis
  • memory cells
79
Q

what immunity is immediate

A

innate

80
Q

what immunity is delayed

A

adaptive

81
Q

what immunity involves lymphocytes that posses clonally distributed receptors with fine specificity for antigens

A

adaptive

82
Q

lymphocytes divide in response to ___ and become ___ & ___ cells

A
  • antigens
  • effector
  • memory
83
Q

antigen presenting cells capture ___ and concentrate it in ___ where the organization allows them to present it to ___

A
  • antigens
  • lymphoid organs
  • T cells
84
Q

___ circulate through lymphoid organs, whereas ___ migrate to tissue where inflammation/infection is present

A
  • naive T lymphocytes
  • effector T cells
85
Q

Your patient has been recovering from implant surgery at home and get an infection. He lives 2 hours from a hospital and drives there to get an IV antibiotic treatment. Which immune deficiency would have the best outcome, since he appears to be lacking:

a - cells in infected gum who can control microbes immediately such as neutrophils and monocytes
b - neutrophils
c - monocytes
d - T &B cells
e - cells in infected gum who can control microbes immediately and T & B cells

A

d - T&B cells

86
Q

what is an antigen?

a - any molecules that can bind to various types of receptor
b - any molecules that can induce a specific innate immune response
c - any molecules that can protect against microbes
d - any molecules that can induce a specific adaptive immune response

A

d - any molecules that can induce a specific adaptive immune response

87
Q

what immunological phenomenon is mediated by the adaptive immunity?

a - inflammation caused by neutrophils
b - phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages
c - killing of infected cells by T cells
d - presentation of antigen by dendritic cells to T cells

A

c - killing of infected cells by T cells

88
Q

what are the characteristics of naive and memory cells?

a - naive and memory cells can survive for long periods of time
b - naive cells survive for weeks while memory cells survive for years
c - naive cell numbers increase as we age while memory cell numbers decrease
d - naive cells respond faster than memory cells to an infectious agent, i.e., are activated and proliferate

A

b - naive cells survive for weeks while memory cells survive for years

89
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

a - allows T cell circulation between different lymph nodes
b - allows B cell circulation to the spleen
c - allows antigens to accumulate in lymph node
d - allows B cells to go to the B cell zone and T cells to go to the T cell zone of the lymph node

A

c - allows antigens to accumulate in lymph node

Microbiology & Immunology (23 decks)

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