2.1 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the term that defines defense against microbes and tumors
A
protective
2
Q
what is the term that defines the ability to cause disease, e.g., autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, hypersensitivities, allergies, etc.
A
aberrant
3
Q
the immune response is mediated by the ___
A
immune system
4
Q
what is the term that describes the immune reaction to any substance, infectious or non-infectious, foreign or self
A
immune response
5
Q
what is included in the immune response
A
- microbes
- macromolecules
- metals
6
Q
what is any substance that induces a specific adaptive immune response (T & B cells)
A
antigens
7
Q
each microbe posses many different ___
A
antigens
8
Q
what are the substances that can act as antigens
A
- proteins
- nucleic acids
- lipids
- polysaccharides
- metals
9
Q
what is the term that describes the first antigen encounter
A
primary immune response
10
Q
what is the term that describes the second encounter with the same antigen
A
secondary immune response
11
Q
what causes disease
A
abnormal immune response
12
Q
what are the roles of the immune system
A
- defense against infections
- defense against tumors
- injure cells and induce pathologic inflammation
- recognizes and responds to tissue grafts and newly introduced proteins
13
Q
deficient immunity results in increased ____
A
susceptibility to infections
14
Q
vaccination boosts ___ and protects against ___
A
- immune defenses
- infections
15
Q
____ are the cause of allergic, autoimmune, and other inflammatory diseases
A
immune responses
16
Q
immune responses are barriers to ___ and ___
A
- transplantation
- gene therapy
17
Q
what is defined as the immediate, non antigen specific response with no memory
A
innate immunity
18
Q
innate immunity is always present to ___
A
block microbe entry
19
Q
T/F innate immunity is antigen specific
A
false - NOT antigen specific
20
Q
T/F innate immunity has NO memory
A
true
21
Q
what organisms are involved in innate immunity
A
phagocytes –> neutrophils & monocytes/macrophages
22
Q
what is defined as the cells requiring specific antigen recognition, expansion, activation, & involve LONG-LASTING MEMORY
A
adaptive immunity
23
Q
what does adaptive immunity require
A
expansion / differentiation of lymphocytes
24
Q
T/F adaptive immunity is antigen specific
A
true
25
what are the types of adaptive immunity
- humoral
- cell-mediated
- recognize microbial antigens, on microbes, or host cell surfaces
26
what is described as immunity mediated by antibodies and extracellular microbes
humoral immunity
27
what is described as immunity involving T lymphocytes and intracellular microbes
cell-mediated immunity
28
what is the function of humoral immunity
blocks infections and eliminates extracellular microbes
29
what is the function of cell-mediated immunity
- elimination of phagocytosed microbes
- kills infected cells and eliminates reservoirs of infection
30
what is the first step of clonal selection
lymphocyte clones with diverse receptors arise in generative lymphoid organs
31
what is the second step of clonal selection
clones of mature lymphocytes specific for many antigens enter lymphoid tissues
32
what is the third step of clonal selection
antigen-specified clones are activated by antigens
33
what is the final step of clonal selection
antigen-specific immune response occurs
34
how long does it take for the primary immune response to occur
1-3 weeks
35
how long does it take for the secondary immune response occur & why
- 2-7 days
- mounts larger and more effective responses to repeated antigen exposures
36
what cells collaborate in the immune system
- lymphocytes
- antigen-presenting cells
- effector cells
37
where are lymphocytes located
blood/lymphoid organs
38
what are the types of lymphocyte cells
- B lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes
39
what is the overall function of lymphocytes as a whole
specific recognition of antigens
40
what is the function of B lymphocytes
mediators of humoral immunity
41
what is the function of T lymphocytes
mediators of cell-mediated immunity
42
what cell type circulates and initiates a response upon recognition of antigen
lymphocytes
43
what cell type detects the presence of microbes
antigen-presenting cells
44
what are the types of antigen-presenting cells
- dendritic cells
- macrophages
- B cells
45
where are antigen-presenting cells located
tissue / lymphoid organs
46
what is the overall function of antigen-presenting cells as a whole
capture of antigens for display to lymphocytes
47
what is the function of dendritic cells
initiation of T cell responses
48
what is the function of macrophages
effector phase of cell-mediated immunity
49
what is the function of follicular dendritic cells
display of antigens to B lymphocytes in humoral immune responses
50
what cell type is involved in destroying microbes
effector cells
51
what are the types of effector cells
- T lymphocytes
- macrophages
- granulocytes
52
where are effector cells
travel in the blood to the site of infection
53
what is the overall function of effector cells as a whole
elimination of antigens
54
what is the function of T lymphocytes
activation of phagocytes, killing infected cells
55
what is the function of macrophages
phagocytosis and killing of microbes
56
what is the function of granulocytes
killing microbes
57
what cells are involved in the neutralization of microbes, phagocytosis, and complement activation
B lymphocyte
58
what cells are involved in the activation of macrophages, inflammation, and activation of T & B lymphocytes
helper T cells
59
what cells are involved in killing of infected cell
cytotoxic T lymphocyte
60
what cells are involved in the suppression of immune response
regulatory T lymphocyte
61
what do B cells mature in
bone marrow
62
what do T cells mature in
thymus
63
what are the stages of lymphocyte differentiation
1 - naive cells (antigen recognition)
2 - activated or effector lymphocyte (proliferation)
3 - differentiation
4 - memory lymphocyte
64
naive T/B cells survive for ___ and die if __
- weeks to months
- no antigen is present
65
effector T/B cells are ___ and die when ___
- short lived
- the antigen is eliminated
66
memory T/B cells survive for ___
long periods of time
67
___ occurs in primary lymphoid organs, while ___ occurs in secondary lymphoid organs
- maturation
- activation
68
what does organization of secondary lymphoid organs enable
- antigen presenting cells to concentrate antigens
- lymphocytes to identify and respond to antigens
- cells to interact with each other
69
lymph drains into ___ with concentrations of ___ allowing sampling of __ at the site
- lymph nodes
- antigens
- antigens by antigen presenting cells
70
T/F lymph nodes have no distinct cell zones
false - distinct B & T cell zones
71
what cells pick up antigens in tissues and migrate to lymph nodes
dendritic cells
72
what allows sampling of antigens by antigen presenting cells in the spleen
blood entering the spleen
73
activated T cells migrate in tissues to __
eliminate microbes
74
what organs are involved in the mucosal immune system
skin, gut, lung
75
what coordinates movement of T and B cells
chemokines & chemokine receptors
76
B cells are attached in ___ around the ___
- follicles
- periphery
cortex
77
T cells are attached ___ but adjacent to ___
- outside
- follicles
paracortex
78
what are the phases of adaptive immune response
- antigen recognition
- clonal expansion
- differentiation in effector cells
- contraction via apoptosis
- memory cells
79
what immunity is immediate
innate
80
what immunity is delayed
adaptive
81
what immunity involves lymphocytes that posses clonally distributed receptors with fine specificity for antigens
adaptive
82
lymphocytes divide in response to ___ and become ___ & ___ cells
- antigens
- effector
- memory
83
antigen presenting cells capture ___ and concentrate it in ___ where the organization allows them to present it to ___
- antigens
- lymphoid organs
- T cells
84
___ circulate through lymphoid organs, whereas ___ migrate to tissue where inflammation/infection is present
- naive T lymphocytes
- effector T cells
85
Your patient has been recovering from implant surgery at home and get an infection. He lives 2 hours from a hospital and drives there to get an IV antibiotic treatment. Which immune deficiency would have the best outcome, since he appears to be lacking:
a - cells in infected gum who can control microbes immediately such as neutrophils and monocytes
b - neutrophils
c - monocytes
d - T &B cells
e - cells in infected gum who can control microbes immediately and T & B cells
d - T&B cells
86
what is an antigen?
a - any molecules that can bind to various types of receptor
b - any molecules that can induce a specific innate immune response
c - any molecules that can protect against microbes
d - any molecules that can induce a specific adaptive immune response
d - any molecules that can induce a specific adaptive immune response
87
what immunological phenomenon is mediated by the adaptive immunity?
a - inflammation caused by neutrophils
b - phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages
c - killing of infected cells by T cells
d - presentation of antigen by dendritic cells to T cells
c - killing of infected cells by T cells
88
what are the characteristics of naive and memory cells?
a - naive and memory cells can survive for long periods of time
b - naive cells survive for weeks while memory cells survive for years
c - naive cell numbers increase as we age while memory cell numbers decrease
d - naive cells respond faster than memory cells to an infectious agent, i.e., are activated and proliferate
b - naive cells survive for weeks while memory cells survive for years
89
what is the function of the lymphatic system?
a - allows T cell circulation between different lymph nodes
b - allows B cell circulation to the spleen
c - allows antigens to accumulate in lymph node
d - allows B cells to go to the B cell zone and T cells to go to the T cell zone of the lymph node
c - allows antigens to accumulate in lymph node
