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Microbiology & Immunology > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what term is used for the cell membrane of Gram + bacteria

A

cell wall

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2
Q

what term is used for the cell membrane of Gram - bacteria

A

envelope

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3
Q

what is the only aspect of bacterial cells more complex than in eukaryotic cells

A

envelope / cell wall / cell membrane

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4
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A

maintain size and shape & provide strength

important in resisting changes in osmolarity of the external environment

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5
Q

what acts as a selective permeability barrier

A

cytoplasmic membrane

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6
Q

what does the bacterial cell membrane contain

A
  • transport machinery
  • secretion apparatus
  • environmental sensors
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7
Q

what machinery is associated with the inner or cytoplasmic face of the cell wall

A

electron transport

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8
Q

what is used for motility & is anchored in the cell membrane

A

flagella

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9
Q

what is used for attachment and is anchored in the cell membrane

A

pili (fimbriae)

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10
Q

what are the components of the cell wall peptidoglycans

A

glycan, tetrapeptide side chains, peptide crosslinks

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11
Q

what is the major target of many anti-bacterial agents

A

cell wall peptidoglycan structure

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12
Q

Gram + bacteria have __, but NOT ___

A

teichoic acid, LPS

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13
Q

what kind of bacteria has a thick peptidoglycan layer

A

Gram +

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14
Q

what kind of bacteria has a thin peptidoglycan layer

A

Gram -

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15
Q

In what kind of bacteria is a thick peptidoglycan, a heavily cross-linked structure, and a rigid cell wall a component of

A

Gram +

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16
Q

what is at the outermost surface of the Gram + cell membrane

A

+ / - polysaccharide capsules

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17
Q

____ have Gram + cell walls, but stain ‘acid fast’ because of additional long-chain fatty acids (MYCOLIC ACIDS) on exterior

A

mycobacteria

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18
Q

what are the layers from outer to inner of the cell wall of mycobacteria

A
  • capsule
  • mycolic acids
  • glycolipids
  • arabinogalactan
  • peptidoglycan
  • lipid bilayer
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19
Q

what kind of bacteria has a more complex cell wall

A

gram -

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20
Q

What kind of bacteria has LPS

A

Gram -

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21
Q

what are the 2 parts of Gram - bacteria

A
  • highly variable polysaccharide for strain typing = O-antigen
  • lipid A component = endotoxin

*****bioactive - inflammatory properties (virulence factor)

22
Q

what does the inner cytoplasmic membrane of Gram - bacteria have

A

normal phospholipid bilayer with INTEGRAL PROTEINS

23
Q

what does the outer membrane of Gram - bacteria have

A

proteins & lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer at surface

24
Q

what is the space between membrane layers called

A

periplasm

25
Q

what does the periplasm of Gram - bacteria contain

A

protein & lipoprotein & lower amounts of peptidoglycan

26
Q

T/F some Gram - bacteria have a polysaccharide capsule at their surface

A

true

27
Q

what is the purpose and function of the carbohydrate capsule on Gram + or - bacteria

A
  • adhesion to surfaces
  • contribution in forming colonies & biofilm
  • increased environmental resistance
  • evasion of immune system
  • reduced phagocytosis
  • physically shield protein antigens
28
Q

what is the capsule considered in the H,O,K typing of Gram - bacteria

A

K

29
Q

what does the H of H,O,K stand for

A

flagella

30
Q

what does the O of H,O,K stand for

A

O-antigen

31
Q

what does the K of H,O,K stand for

A

capsule

32
Q

how are polysaccharide capsules visualized

A

India ink negative staining

33
Q

which organisms often have flagella

A

ALL motile Gram + & - bacteria plus eukaryotic protozoans

34
Q

which organisms often have fimbria/pilli

A

many Gram -

35
Q

what does monotrichous refer to

A

single polar flagellum

36
Q

what does peritrichous refer to

A

flagella over entire surface

37
Q

what does lophotrichous refer to

A

cluster of flagella

38
Q

what is flagella made of

A

polymerized flagellin

39
Q

what are Gram - bacteria with a very unique flagella in the periplasmic space

A

spirochetes

ex: Treptonema spp.

40
Q

what differentiates pili/fimbriae from flagella

A

thinner & much more per cell

41
Q

what is a major virulence factor of pathogenic escherichias like E. coli that allows colonization of urinary tract epithelium

A

pili/fimbriae

42
Q

what is the major function of pili/fimbriae

A

attachment to surfaces and cells and may also be involved in binding to other bacteria

43
Q

what is the major components of plant and fungi cell walls

A

100% carbohydrates - like chitin

44
Q

fungi are simple eukaryotes that possess a cell wall that lacks _

A

peptidoglycan

45
Q

T/F bacteria in nature are often growing exponentially

A

false - true exponential growth is unsustainable and only seen routinely briefly in lab cultures

46
Q

where does most of the material go when you are composting garbage

a - into the air, as carbon dioxide
b - it becomes a liquid and is absorbed of leaks out of containers
c - it is consumed by bacteria, which then migrate out of the area
d - we really don’t know

A

a - into the air, as carbon dioxide

yes, unless anaerobic, most of your compost waste goes into the air as CO2 though the action of soil bacteria using the nutrients for energy there in aerobic respiration

47
Q

which of these is not an intracellular bacteria

a - streptococcus mutans
b - chlamydia
c - rickettsiae
d - mycoplasma

A

a - streptococcus mutans

48
Q

which phsyiological process provides bacteria more energy as ATP then fermentation

a - aerobic respiration
b - anaerobic respiration
c - a & b
d - none of these do

A

c - a & b

49
Q

what is the distinction in how the bacterial terms “cell wall” and “envelope” are commonly used?

a - wall for Gram +, envelope for Gram -
b - envelope refers only to the peptidoglycan layer
c - both refer to the entire outer surface of bacteria
d - cell wall refers to plant cell walls

A

a - wall for Gram +, envelope for Gram -

50
Q

why are Gram positive bacteria typically more sensitive to widely used antibiotics like beta lactams?

a - the peptidoglycan target is on the outside of the bacteria
b - Gram positives have fewer DNA exchange mechanisms
c - a thicker cell wall gives them more mechanical strength
d - none of these, they are not

A

a - the peptidoglycan target is on the outside of the bacteria

51
Q

what is the most significant function of a capsule for a pathogenic bacteria

a - they can block phagocytosis by immune cells
b - they increase uptake of nutrients by bacterial surface proteins
c - they allow bacteria to more easily move across epithelial surfaces
d - they are easily recognized by the innate immune system

A

a - they can block phagocytosis by immune cells

52
Q

Which of these features of bacterial walls and envelopes are specific to Gram negative bacteria? Mark all correct answers this time, not just one.

a - teichoic acids
b - capsules
c - LPS –> lipopolysaccharide
d - flagella
e - fimbriae

A

c - LPS –> lipopolysaccharide
&
e - fimbriae

Microbiology & Immunology (23 decks)

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