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Microbiology & Immunology > 2.2 > Flashcards

2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of immunity is essential for effective host defense at the EARLY STAGE of infection

A

innate

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2
Q

what kind of immunity is essential for MICROBE CLEARANCE

A

adaptive

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3
Q

what are the steps of the innate immune response

A
  • recognition of pathogen by host cells (receptors for pathogen constituents)
  • recruitment of host cells at site of infection (soluble proteins)
  • activation of destructive effector mechanisms (effector cells engulf pathogen & kill pathogen or pathogen-infected cells)
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4
Q

what cells are used as a defense mechanism to extracellular microbes & why

A
  • complement macrophages, neutrophils, antimicrobial peptides
  • bc accessible to soluble molecules & phagocytes
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5
Q

what cells are used as a defense mechanism to intracellular microbes & why

A
  • NK cells & activated macrophages
  • require killing or activation of infected cells
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6
Q

what kind of immunity recognizes structures shared by various classes of microbes that are not present on normal host cells

A

innate

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7
Q

in innate immunity pattern recognition receptors (PRR) encoded in germ line possess __ & are distributed ___

A
  • limited diversity
  • nonclonally
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8
Q

how do cells of the innate immunity identify microorganisms

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRR) recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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9
Q

what are pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

A

molecules expressed and / or produced solely by microbes

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10
Q

PRR expression and ligands are __

A

redundant

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11
Q

PRR are localized at ___ & ___ membrane and in the __

A
  • plasma
  • endosomal
  • cytosol
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12
Q

what do PRR recognize

A

similar types of ligands

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13
Q

what is TLR signal transduction

A

the recruitment of adaptor proteins (MyD88 & TRIF) leading to activation of transcription factors and cytokine production

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14
Q

what does TLR3 recruit & what does it trigger

A
  • TRIF
  • IFN alpha / beta production
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15
Q

production of type 1 interferon (IFN alpha, beta) leads to an ___

A

antiviral state

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16
Q

increased expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and co-stimulators causes

A
  • acute inflammation
  • stimulation of adaptive immunity
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17
Q

what complex is involved in chronic disease development and the activation of inflammatory process that provide the host defenses

A

inflammasome multiprotein complex

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18
Q

what is NLRP3 inflammasome assembly initiated by

A
  • microbial products
  • substances indicating cell damage and death
  • endogenous substances in excess in tissues
  • inorganic particles
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19
Q

what does NLRP3 inflammasome assembly lead to

A

caspase-1 activation & results in cleavage of pro-IL1 beta and secretion of IL-1 beta

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20
Q

what does IL-1 beta induce

A
  • upregulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules
  • upregulation of chemokines
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21
Q

NLRP3 inflammasome activation causes accumulation of ___ & ___ at the site of infection

A
  • neutrophils
  • monocytes
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22
Q

what are the components of the innate immune system

A
  • epithelial barriers
  • circulating effector cells attack microbes that have breached epithelial barriers (neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, DC)
  • NK cells
  • mast cells / basophils / eosinophils
23
Q

what are components of the epithelia physical barrier

A
  • keratin (skin)
  • mucus (GI & respiratory & genitourinary)
  • saliva (oral cavity)
  • tight junctions
24
Q

what is the function of the epithelial chemical barrier

A

kill microbes by disrupting outer membranes of bacteria and some viruses

25
Q

what occurs in the epithelial cellular barrier

A
  • gama, delta T cells recognize PAMPs
  • B-1 cells produce natural antibodies specific for bacterial carbohydrate
26
Q

what is the most abundant immune cell

A

neutrophils

27
Q

what immune cell is short lived and has no lysosomes

A

neutrophils

28
Q

___ mediate the earliest phase of inflammatory responses

A

neutrophils

29
Q

what immune cells are long-lived and differentiate into macrophages in tissues

A

monocytes

30
Q

what immune cells mediate the later stages of the innate immune response, 1 or 2 days after infection, and are dominant effector cells that rapidly respond and divide and persist at the site of inflammation

A

macrophages

31
Q

what is the function of classical (M1) macrophages

A

kill microbes and trigger inflammation

32
Q

what immune cells are long-lived and possess dendrites and phagocytic capabilities

A

dendritic cell

33
Q

what links innate and adaptive immune responses

A

classical DC

34
Q

how are innate and adaptive immune responses linked

A

classical DC capture and display microbial antigens to naive T lymphocytes & tune T cell response by secreting cytokines

35
Q

what immune cell produces type I interferon (IFN alpha / beta) that possess antiviral activities and binds dsRNA via TLR3

A

plasmacytoid DC

36
Q

what immune cells are not phagocytes and do NOT express somatically rearranged clonally distributed antigen receptors & kill target cells without a need for additional activation

A

natural killer cells

37
Q

what enhances the killing function of natural killer cells

A

IL-12 & IFN alpha / beta

38
Q

what does inhibitory receptor engagement to MHC class I inhibit

A

natural killer cell activation

39
Q

signals from ___ receptors block signals from __ receptors

A
  • inhibitory
  • activating
40
Q

what triggers activation of natural killer cells

A

lack of inhibitory receptor engagement

41
Q

natural killer cells kill ___ via ___

A
  • virus infected cells
  • perforin / granzyme
42
Q

what is the overall function of natural killer cells

A

eliminate the reservoir of infection

43
Q

___ mature in tissue such as skin and lungs and are found near blood vessels in tissues

A

mast cells

44
Q

___ & ___ are found in blood

A
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
45
Q

upon activation of mast cell, basophils, & eosinophils, ____ & ___ are released

A
  • proteolytic enzymes
  • inflammatory substances
46
Q

what are examples of inflammatory substances

A
  • histamine
  • prostaglandins
  • heparin
  • leukotrienes
  • TNF alpha
47
Q

what immune cells are important in helping to protect against HELMINTH and BACTERIAL infection and are involved in allergy

A

mast cells, basophils, & eosinophils

48
Q

what are the 2 signals that lymphocyte activation requires

A

1 - antigen binding to antigen receptor
2 - molecules provided by innate cells

49
Q

what signals are provided by innate cells to T cells

A
  • second signal for lymphocyte T activation
  • differentiation signal / third signal
50
Q

A gum infection is occurring. what is the first step by which cells of the innate immunity in the tissue identify that microbes have invaded the gum?

a - they are activated by receptors that recognize soluble molecules produced by microbes
b - they express receptors with great diversity for antigens expressed by microbes
c - they produce cytokines that allow them to recognize molecules expressed by microbes
d - they express receptors with limited diversity allowing them to recognize molecules expressed by microbes
e - they produce molecules that activate the complement activation

A

d - they express receptors with limited diversity allowing them to recognize molecules expressed by microbes

51
Q

what is the most important function of the innate immunity at early time-points (days) following a bacterial infection?

a - inducing T cells to produce IFNgamma and subsequent macrophage activation
b - controlling the levels of infection until the adaptive immunity is activated
c - activating NLRP3 inflammasome and subsequent IL-1 secretion for recruitment of NK cells
d - inducing plasmacytoid DC production of IFNalpha
e - inducing wound healing M2 macrophages

A

b - controlling the levels of infection until the adaptive immunity is activated

52
Q

what is the main function of NK cells?

a - phagocytosing microbed
b - killing infected cells
c - producing IFNalpha for defense against virus
d - contributing to inflammation by producing histamine
e - activating T cells

A

b - killing infected cells

53
Q

what type of immunity is described by these terms:

immediate, non-specific, no memory

A

innate

54
Q

what type of immunity is described by these terms:

delayed, specific, memory

A

adaptive

Microbiology & Immunology (23 decks)

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