Module 5 RQ questions Flashcards
What are the characteristics of the ‘ideal inhalational anesthetic”?
o Low cost of production and easy-to-produce
o Safe for the environment and person/animal
o Stable and long shelf life
o Liquid at room temperature
- low blood-gas
- high oil-gas
What is the therapeutic advantage of premedicating a surgical patient with intravenous anesthetic agents before using inhalational anesthesia?
When the premedication is given IV, it has 100% bioavailability, which means it will have a higher rate of efficacy on the body, and its effect will last longer. The benefit of giving a pre-anastatic IV is that it will help the patient be relaxed and comfortable in a quicker manner. This can also help with recovery efforts since less gas or inhalation is needed during the surgery.
- What is meant by safety margin?
- This term can be used to describe the difference between the effective dose that causes the intended effects and the dose that can cause severe or adverse effects. When drugs have a wide margin of safety, they are seen as the better option because they are safer for the patient and more desirable because the dose that causes adverse effects is normally higher.
- What is minute ventilation (be able to describe illustrating understanding)?
- Min ventilation goes with gas exchange and dead space ventilation which are both less than min ventilation
o Sig. bc we can alter all three of these
o EX: you over ventilate the dog/ longer than normal tracheal tube/ used iso on an animal and it causes hypersecretion of mucous
o Machine will try to overcome the obstruction and send the mucous back to the alveoli where they are sensitive = destruction - This is defined as the amount of oxygen/air that enters the lungs within a minute. This can be measured using respiratory rate multiplied by tidal volume. Respiratory rate is how many breaths the animal takes within a minute. Tidal volume refers to the amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs in a single breath. This whole process can be called total ventilation.
- How can a pulmonary V/Q mismatch affect the onset of anesthesia?
- Important thing is to think VENOUS ADMIXTURE
- Pulmonary V/Q mismatch is when there is a shunt and a presence of dead space in the lungs. This can be thought of as when some units of the lung receive a different rate of perfusion than other units of the lung. When given anesthesia to a patient with COPD, for example, that has a disproportionate perfusion rate in the lungs, it can cause a greater degree of damage during surgery. Immediately after anesthesia is given, the lung’s functional residual capacity decreases close to 20% and will continue to decrease as the surgery continues. This reduction can have effects on the airway, compliance, and perfusion rate, all depending on the age and severity of the condition.
What is important to think about when you hear V/Q mismatch?
venous admixture
What is the MAC?
MAC, or minimum alveolar concentration, is defined as the amount of anesthetic needed to immobilize the patient. For example, when a person has a higher MAC than normal, there is a decrease in the potency of the anesthetic for the patient, which then requires a larger dose of anesthesia to achieve immobilization.
- What does potentiation at a GABAA receptor mean?
When a drug has a higher potency for the receptor activity, it means that it will increase the receptor’s response to GABAa. Since this is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain, GABAa and its effect is to help decrease anxiety, sleeping problems, and seizures. When we give medication that has a higher potency for GABAa during this example, it means that instead of helping with sleeping disorders, it can cause sedation of the body due to its effect on the central nervous system
What is meant by FiO2 of 100%?
- This is defined as the amount of inspired oxygen (true oxygen) in the gas mixture. If the person/animal were to be consuming 100% FiO2, they would be breathing in 100% pure oxygen with no other elements. This can be given to people who need supplemental oxygen, like those with respiratory diseases.
What is the relationship between the MAC of a drug and its potency?
The higher the MAC, the lower the potency of the drug. So, a higher rate of the drug is needed to cause the intended/desired effect when the MAC is higher.
What is meant by the expression “MAC is the ED50” (be able to describe illustrating understanding)?
This illustrates the concentration of anesthesia in the alveoli at which 50% of people are immobilized during the procedure and produce no response during surgery. For example, If I were to give an anesthetic with 2.5% MAC, I would expect 50% of the patients to be immobilized during the procedure at that concentration.
