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Intro to Pharmacology > Module 2: Lecture > Flashcards

Module 2: Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Which drug is a selective β1-adrenergic agonist used to increase cardiac output?
a) Phenylephrine
b) Atenolol
c) Dobutamine
d) Atropine

A

C

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2
Q

Which of the following drugs is a calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension in animals?
a) Pimobendan
b) Atenolol
c) Amlodipine
d) Verapamil

A

C

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3
Q

What is the mode of action of atropine?
a) β2-adrenergic agonist
b) Muscarinic antagonist
c) Nicotinic agonist
d) Alpha-adrenergic antagonist

A

B

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4
Q

Which drug is used as a β-blocker to decrease heart rate and blood pressure?
a) Clenbuterol
b) Atenolol
c) Xylazine
d) Digoxin

A

B

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5
Q

What is the major adverse effect of β2-adrenergic agonists like clenbuterol?
a) Bradycardia
b) Hyperglycemia
c) Hypoglycemia
d) Tachycardia

A

D

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6
Q

Which drug class does propranolol belong to?
a) Beta-blockers
b) Calcium channel blockers
c) Alpha-agonists
d) Cholinesterase inhibitors

A

A

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7
Q

Which adrenergic receptor type causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels when activated?
a) β1
b) β2
c) α1
d) α2

A

C

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8
Q

Which drug is an α2-adrenergic agonist commonly used as a sedative in veterinary practice?
a) Xylazine
b) Atenolol
c) Dobutamine
d) Verapamil

A

A

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9
Q

What is the primary function of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors?
a) Increase breakdown of acetylcholine
b) Inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine
c) Increase acetylcholine levels in synaptic clefts
d) Block the action of muscarinic receptors

A

C

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10
Q

Which receptor type is associated with bronchodilation in the lungs?
a) α1
b) β2
c) M2
d) Nicotinic

A

B

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11
Q

Which of the following drugs is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor used in heart failure management?
a) Pimobendan
b) Digoxin
c) Atenolol
d) Amlodipine

A

A

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12
Q

Which second messenger is activated by β-adrenergic receptors?
a) IP3
b) cAMP
c) DAG
d) Calcium

A

B

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13
Q

What is the clinical indication for using phenylephrine?
a) Bronchodilation
b) Vasoconstriction
c) Cardiac stimulation
d) Muscle relaxation

A

B

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14
Q

What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
a) Voluntary muscle control
b) Regulation of smooth muscle tone, glands, and heart function
c) Sensory perception
d) Coordination of skeletal muscle movement

A

B

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15
Q

Which drug class is used to treat glaucoma by increasing aqueous humor outflow?
a) β-blockers
b) Muscarinic agonists
c) α1-adrenergic antagonists
d) Nicotinic agonists

A

B

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16
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons?
a) Acetylcholine
b) Dopamine
c) Norepinephrine
d) Serotonin

A

C

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17
Q

What is a potential adverse effect of propranolol in animals?
a) Bronchoconstriction
b) Increased heart rate
c) Hypertension
d) Hyperglycemia

A

A

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18
Q

Which G protein pathway is activated by α1-adrenergic receptors?
a) Gs – cAMP
b) Gi – decrease in cAMP
c) Gq – IP3/DAG
d) Go – potassium channels

A

C

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19
Q

Which drug class targets the Na+/K+ ATPase pump in cardiac treatment?
a) Diuretics
b) Calcium channel blockers
c) Cardiac glycosides
d) Beta-adrenergic agonists

A

C

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20
Q

Which receptor type is targeted by drugs like prazosin?
a) α1
b) β1
c) M2
d) Nicotinic

A

A

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21
Q

Which neurotransmitter is used by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons?
a) Acetylcholine
b) Dopamine
c) Norepinephrine
d) Epinephrine

A

A

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22
Q

Which receptor is activated by acetylcholine in the heart, leading to decreased heart rate?
a) β1
b) α1
c) M2
d) Nicotinic

A

C

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23
Q

What is the main action of β2-adrenergic agonists like clenbuterol in veterinary medicine?
a) Bronchoconstriction
b) Bronchodilation
c) Increased heart rate
d) Vasoconstriction

A

B

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24
Q

Which drug acts as a muscarinic antagonist and is often used in preanesthesia to reduce salivation?
a) Atenolol
b) Atropine
c) Phenylephrine
d) Dobutamine

A

B

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25
Q

Which of the following is an α2-adrenergic antagonist used to reverse sedation caused by α2 agonists?
a) Yohimbine
b) Phenylephrine
c) Propranolol
d) Verapamil

A

A

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26
Q

Which enzyme is inhibited by NSAIDs such as ibuprofen?
a) Cyclooxygenase (COX)
b) Acetylcholinesterase
c) Phosphodiesterase
d) Na+/K+ ATPase

A

A

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27
Q

Which drug can be used to treat bradycardia by increasing heart rate?
a) Propranolol
b) Atenolol
c) Atropine
d) Phenylephrine

A

C

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28
Q

Which adrenergic receptor is primarily involved in increasing lipolysis and glucose mobilization?
a) β1
b) α1
c) β2
d) β3

A

D

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29
Q

Which of the following describes the effect of an inverse agonist on a receptor?
a) It fully activates the receptor.
b) It blocks the receptor.
c) It produces a response opposite to that of an agonist.
d) It partially activates the receptor.

A

C

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30
Q

What is the main therapeutic use of verapamil in veterinary medicine?
a) Vasoconstriction
b) Cardiac stimulation
c) Cardiac arrhythmias and hypertension
d) Sedation

A

C

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31
Q

Which of the following drugs is a β2-adrenergic agonist primarily used for bronchodilation in horses?
a) Phenylephrine
b) Atenolol
c) Clenbuterol
d) Propranolol

A

C

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32
Q

What is the role of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system?
a) Increases heart rate
b) Stimulates muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction
c) Acts as the primary neurotransmitter in postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
d) Inhibits gastrointestinal motility

A

C

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33
Q

Which of the following receptors does phenylephrine primarily act on?
a) β1-adrenergic
b) β2-adrenergic
c) α1-adrenergic
d) Muscarinic

A

C

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34
Q

Which drug is used to treat AV block by increasing vagal tone on the heart?
a) Digoxin
b) Verapamil
c) Atenolol
d) Pimobendan

A

A

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35
Q

Which receptor type is blocked by drugs like propranolol?
a) α1
b) β1 and β2
c) Muscarinic
d) Nicotinic

A

B

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36
Q

What is a major clinical use of muscarinic agonists in veterinary medicine?
a) Treatment of hypertension
b) Treatment of urinary retention
c) Induction of anesthesia
d) Treatment of cardiac arrhythmias

A

B

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37
Q

Which of the following drugs is an α1-adrenergic antagonist used to treat hypertension?
a) Prazosin
b) Clonidine
c) Xylazine
d) Atropine

A

A

38
Q

Which drug class is used to prevent vomiting by acting on the central nervous system?
a) Muscarinic agonists
b) Antiemetics
c) β-adrenergic agonists
d) Alpha-adrenergic antagonists

A

B

39
Q

What is the mechanism of action of diuretics such as acetazolamide?
a) Blocks acetylcholinesterase
b) Inhibits carbonic anhydrase
c) Stimulates muscarinic receptors
d) Increases cAMP levels in the kidneys

A

B

40
Q

Which neurotransmitter is involved in the “fight or flight” response and is released from the adrenal medulla?
a) Dopamine
b) Norepinephrine
c) Acetylcholine
d) Epinephrine

A

D

41
Q

What drug class is Amlodipine

A

Calcium channel blocker

42
Q

What medication works by inhibiting entry of calcium ions into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle cells through L-type calcium channels

  • it causes relaxation of the smooth muscle in the smooth muscle in the blood vessels, leading to vasodilation
  • this helps lower blood pressure and reduce the workload of the heart
A

Amlodipine

43
Q

What are two indications of the medication Amlodipine

A

Hypertension

Angina

44
Q

What are some major adverse effects of the medication Amlodipine

A

Edema
Dizziness
Palpitation
Hypotension
Gingival hyperplasia

45
Q

What drug class is Atenolol

A

Beta-blocker

46
Q

What medication selectively blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors located in the heart.

  • Decreases adrenaline - EPI
  • Decreases no adrenaline - NE
  • decrease HR
  • Decrease blood pressure
  • decrease heart workload

This helps to control blood pressure and reduce the frequency and severity of angina attacks

A

Atenolol

47
Q

What are some indication of Atenolol

A

Hypertension
Angina pectoris
Myocardial infarction
Certain arrhythmias

48
Q

What are some side effects of Atenolol

A

Bradycardia
Hypotension
Fatigue
Cold extremities
Worsening of Asthma or COPD
Depression

49
Q

What are some side effects of Atenolol

A

Bradycardia
Hypotension
Fatigue
Cold extremities
Worsening of Asthma or COPD
Depression

50
Q

What drug class is Atropine

A

Anticholinergic

51
Q

What medication is responsible for blocking muscerinic ACh receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system

  • increased HR
  • reduced secretions
  • Pupil dilation
A

Atropine

52
Q

What are some indications of Atropine

A

Bradycardia
Preoperative use
Pupil dilation
Antidote

53
Q

What are some adverse reactions of Atropine

A

Dry mouth and thirst
Blurred vision
Constipation
Urinary retention
Tachycardia
Confusion and Hallucinations

54
Q

What drug class is Pimobendan

A

Positive ionotropic agent and vasodilator

55
Q

What medication increases the contractility of the heart muscles by inhibiting phosphodiesterase III leading to an increase in cAMP

A

Pimobendan

56
Q

What medication uses vasodilators effects due to its ability to relax smooth muscle in blood vessels. Reduces workload on the heart which helps to improve blood flow and reduce congestion

A

Pimobendan

57
Q

What are some indications of Pimobendan

A

Heart failure
Chronic mitral insufficiency

58
Q

What are some potential major adverse effects

A

Gastrointestinal issues
Arrthythmias
Lethargy or weakness
Hepatic or renal effects

59
Q

What drug class is Isoproterenol

A

Beta-adrenergic agonist

60
Q

What medication uses beta-1 receptor activation and Beta-2 receptor activation

  • B1: increase HR , increase cardiac contractions
  • B2: lungs and peripheral vasculature - bronchodilation
A

Isoproterenol

61
Q

What are some indications of Isoproterenol

A

Bradycardia
Shock
Bronchospasm

62
Q

What are some major adverse effects of Isoproterenol

A

Tachycardia
Arrhythmias
Hypertension
Heachace
Dizziness

63
Q

What drug class is Propanolol

A

Beta blocker

64
Q

Which drug uses B-1 blocker to decrease HR and reduce the force of cardiac contraction. Also blocks B-2 to reduce dilation of bronchial and vascular smooth muscle

A

Propranolol

65
Q

What are some indications of propranolol

A

Hypertension
Angina pectoris
Arrhythmias
Myocardial infarction
Tremors
Anxiety

66
Q

What are some potential adverse effects of Propranolol

A

Bradycardia
Hypotension
Fatigue
Cold extremities
Worsening or asthma or COPD
Depression

67
Q

What is the drug class of phenylephrine

A

alpha-1 agonist

68
Q

what is the mode of action for phenylephrine

A

Alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that raises blood pressure, decreases HR, increases SV, and is a vasoconstrictors. It does this via a G-coupled protein second messenger system.

69
Q

what is the indication of phenylephrine

A
  1. Injections are used for hypotension causes by shock or anesthesia
  2. ophthalmic is used for dilation of pupil and conjunctival vasoconstriction
  3. intranasal used to treat congestion
  4. topical used for hemorrhoids
70
Q

what are the major adverse effects of phenylephrine

A

headache, hypertension, reflex bradycardia, tingling limbs, cardiac arrhythmias, and a feeling of fullness in the head

71
Q

what is the drug class of atropine

A

a non-specific muscarinic receptor antagonist

72
Q

what is the mode of action of atropine

A

It is a non-specific muscarinic antagonist so it can bind M1,M2,M3,M4,M5 receptors to block Ach from binding

73
Q

what is the indication of atropine

A

The IV, IM, SQ forms are used for temporary blocking life threatening muscarinic effects (aka can make respiratory system fail)

74
Q

what are the potential major adverse effects of atropine

A

Tachycardia, dilated pupils, difficulty swallowing, hot dry skin, thirst, dizziness, restlessness, tremor, fatigue and ataxia

75
Q

what is the drug class of dobutamine

A

Beta-1 agonist

76
Q

what is the mode of action of dobutamine

A

directly stimulates beta-1 receptors on the heart to increase contractility and SV which increased CO

77
Q

what is the indication of dobutamine

A

Use in patients with decreased contractility of the heart that results in cardiac decompensation

78
Q

what are the potential major adverse effects of dobutamine

A

chest pain, palpitations, headaches, tremors, shortness of breath, nausea, and vomiting

79
Q

what is the drug class of verapamil

A

calcium channel blocker

80
Q

what is the mode of action of verapamil

A

inhibits L-type calcium channels by binding to a specific area of their alpha-1 subunit

81
Q

what is the indication of verapamil

A

used for chest pain cause by reduced blood flow, hypertension, and used with another drug (digoxin) to control a-fib

82
Q

what are the potential adverse effects of verapamil

A

hypotension, bradycardia, arrhythmia, nausea or vomiting, headaches
feeling dizzy or tired, swollen hands, ankles or feet

83
Q

what is the drug class of digoxin

A

cardiac glycoside (increases heart contraction)

84
Q

what is the mode of action for digoxin

A

reversibly inhibits the Na-K ATPase enzyme to increase intracellular sodium and increases the calcium level in the myocardial cells, causing an increased contractile force of the heart to improve ejection fraction

85
Q

what are the 3 indications of digoxin

A
  1. treatment of mild to moderate heart failure
  2. increase myocardial contraction in children diagnosed with heart failure.
  3. To maintain control ventricular rate in patients with chronic a-fib
86
Q

what are the potential adverse effects of digoxin

A

nausea, vomiting, visual changes, in addition to arrhythmia

87
Q

what is the drug class of xylazine

A

alpha-2 adrenergic agonist

88
Q

what is the mode of action of xylazine

A

decreases the release of norepinephrine and dopamine in the central nervous system

89
Q

what is the indication of xylazine

A

analgesia, short term sedation and muscle relaxation

90
Q

what are the major adverse effects of xylazine

A

profound salivation, muscle tremors, bradycardia, hypotension, reduced respiratory rate

Intro to Pharmacology (27 decks)

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