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Intro to Pharmacology > Exam 3: Module 7: Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Exam 3: Module 7: Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are some important functions of the Liver

A
  • Biotransformation
  • Bile production and secretion
  • Glycogenolysis
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Protein metabolism
  • Ammonia “Handling”
  • Lipid processing and oxidation
  • Vitamin D
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2
Q

Where does biotransformation occur

A

liver

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3
Q

What are the actions of the liver in biotransformation

A

Detoxication
Activation

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4
Q

Is activation and detoxification a single or reversable pathway

A

reversable

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5
Q

What can happen to nontoxic metabolite after detoxification

A

excretion

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6
Q

Activation can produce toxic metabolites which then are used where in the body

A

Pharmacologic effect

pathologic effect

DNA Injury

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7
Q

If DNA is injured and replication occurs what happens to DNA

A

it becomes altered

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8
Q

Are lipophilic or lipopholic molecules able to get into the body and the liver will respond

A

Lipophilic

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9
Q

Where does chemical absorption occur

A

in the blood

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10
Q

In the body, what is the main systen the deal with metabolites and biotransformation

A

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)

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11
Q

The liver is your friend - so if the ?

A

hemoproteins

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12
Q

What are xenobiotics

A

exogenous / outside substances that get into the body

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13
Q

Chemical / biochemical modification or degradation, usually through speacilized _______ systems

A

enzymatic

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14
Q

What is the main system that chemical and biochemical modification / degradation usually done through

A

heptaic

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15
Q

Are excretion of metabolites polarized or non-polarized

A

polarized

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16
Q

Phase I and II reactions are __________ of chemical the occur during drug metabolism

A

Biotransformation

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17
Q

What are redox reactions

A

oxidation and reaction
- live lets compounds go through these to prepare them for conjugation

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18
Q

What are some mixed function oxidases (MFOs)

A

CYP 450 mono-oxygenase
MAO : mono-amine oxidase
Peroxidase

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19
Q

The reduction of CYP450 reductases are done through

A

Esterases
Amidases
Hydrolases

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20
Q

What phase of metabolites are synthestic

A

phase 1

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21
Q

What phase of metabolies are not cleared rapidly

A

phase 1

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22
Q

What phase of metabolites may undergo a subsequent reaction in which an endogenous substrate combines with the newly incorporated functional group to form a highly polar conjugate

A

Phase I metabolites

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23
Q

What phase of metabolites are known as conjugate reactions/addition reactions

A

phase II

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24
Q

What type of metabolites are the following?
- Glucuronic acid
- Sulfates
- Glutathione
- Amino Acids

A

Phase II metabolites

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25
Q

What are some interactions of the polar functional groups of phase I metabolites

A

-COOH
-OH
NH2
-SH

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26
Q

During phase II conjugate reactions, what happens to the catecholamines T1/2 life?

A

is short because there are enzymes waiting for them to breakdown

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27
Q

Drug molecules use what phase of metabolites for reactive metabolite to conjugate, move into the blood stream and leave through the urine

A

Phase I
Phase II

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28
Q

Drug molecules use what phase of metabolites for reactive metabolites to deconjugate and cause reuptake of drugs to get back to the liver to continue modifiying or do nothing at all

A

Phase I

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29
Q

Phase I or II Metabolites:
- Bioactivation or inactivation
- Oxidation
- Reducation
- Hydrolysis

A

Phase I

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30
Q

Phase I or II Metabolites:
- Bioinactivation (conjugation)

A

Phase II

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31
Q

What are common signs of heptaic insufficiency

A
  • Depression
  • Anorexia
  • GI Upset
  • Hepatic Encephalopathy
  • Weight loss
  • Icterus / jaundice
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32
Q

What is another name for Hepatocellular damage

A

leakage enzymes

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33
Q

What does AST?

A

Asparate aminotransferase

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34
Q

what is ALT?

A

alaminine aminotransferase

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35
Q

what is ALP?

A

alkaline phophatase

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36
Q

what is LDH?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

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37
Q

what is GGT?

A

gamma-glutamyltrasnferase

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38
Q

Which of the following leakage enzymes are normal in growing animals

A

ALP
- alkaline phosphatase

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39
Q

What leakage enzymes are important because they are sensitive, but not specific

A

ALP
- Alkaline phophatase

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40
Q

Are leakage enzymes detectable or undetectable in the sample

A

undetectable

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41
Q

What is liver-insaw

A

upset stomach

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42
Q

What happens to liver enzymes during liver-insaw

A

liver enzymes increase and repeat sample in 3 weeks to get back to normal

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43
Q

What is the term that means something is wrong with bile flow

A

Cholestasis
- Chole: biliary tract
- Stasis: to stop

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44
Q

During Cholestasis what happens to bilirubin

A

hyperbilirubinemia
- increased levels of bilirubin in the blood

45
Q

What is the effect of hyperbilirubinemia

A

yellowing or the skin and tissues

46
Q

What is the effect of clotting factors and albumin in cholestasis

A

they are altered

47
Q

What are parts of the biliary apparatus

A

gall bladder
hepatic duct
cystic duct
bile ducts

48
Q

What are Cholangiocytes

A

they are microscopic that live in the liver

49
Q

What is the specific structure that produces bile

A

Cholangiocytes

50
Q

What is the composition of bile?

A

Exocrine aqueous micture
- organic
- inorganics (Salt, AA, sugars)

51
Q

Where is the starting place for bile formation?

A

canaliculi

52
Q

What is cholangitis

A

inflammation of the bile ducts, which are the channels that transport bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. It is most commonly caused by a bacterial infection, often resulting from a blockage in the bile ducts.

53
Q

What is cholestasis

A

condition characterized by impaired bile flow from the liver to the duodenum, resulting in the accumulation of bile components in the liver and bloodstream. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including obstruction, liver dysfunction, or issues with bile secretion.

54
Q

What is Choleresis

A

refers to the process of bile secretion by the liver. It involves the production and flow of bile, which is essential for digestion and absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins, as well as the elimination of waste products, such as bilirubin and cholesterol.

55
Q

Is the gallbladder a necessary organ

A

NO!!

56
Q

What is needed to contract and relax to empty the gallbladder

A

contraction: BG

Relaxation: sphincter of Oddi

57
Q

What enzyme is needed to stimulate pancreatic secretion

A

CCK

58
Q

What is the role of CCK

A
  • stimulates bile production
  • Gallbladder contraction
  • Triggered by eating a meal
  • Important for digestion
59
Q

what substance is the following?

  • Positive synthesis
  • secretions
  • recycling crucial
A

Bile Acids

60
Q

what substance is the following?

  • Amphipathic
A

Bile salts

61
Q

What degree of bile salts are cholic and chendodeoxycholic

A

1 degree

62
Q

What is the main role of bile acids

A

emulsification

63
Q

droplets of triaglycerol enclosed by membrane from the?

A

ER- endoplasmic reticulum

64
Q

What does the following describe?

  • positive induction of bile flow
  • positive detoxification
  • positive protection against bacterail growth
A

Bile acids

65
Q

What does the following describe?

  • positive signaling (farsenoid)
  • positive glucose metabolism (glut 4)
A

Bile acids

66
Q

What is responsible for positive glucose metabolism

A

glut 4

67
Q

What is the response of adaptive function of bile acids decmopensates in pathology that affects secretion

A
  • plasma membrane damage
  • mitochondrial damage
  • apoptosis
68
Q

What is the term for plasma membrane damage

A

cholangiocytes

69
Q

Define steatorrhea

A

oily poop
- removal of some in the SI
- overload of FA
- Disease: hepatic / pancreatic

70
Q

What causes steatorrhea

A
  • pancreatic / hepatic disease
  • hypersecretion or hyposecretion
  • failure to synethesize Apoprotein B
71
Q

What is the result in failure to synthesize apoprotein B

A

steatorrhea

72
Q

What are the two bile pigaments

A

green
yellow

73
Q

What bile pigment is green

A

Bilverdin

74
Q

What bile pigment is yellow

A

Bilirubin

75
Q

Define tetrapyrroles of bile

A

hemoglobin
- 4 oxygen binding sites
- 1 iron binding sites

76
Q

Bilverdin is _______ from Bilirubin

A

oxidized

77
Q

What are bile products of?

A

heme degradation

78
Q

What is bile metabolized by?

A

gut bacteria

79
Q

One bile is metabolized by gut bacteria to a brown pigment, what is the outcome?

A

feces

80
Q

When are red blood cells removed?

A

when they become sanuscent

81
Q

What is hemoglobin comprised of?

A

Hb and Mb

82
Q

Cytochrome is part of what substance?

A

hemoglobin

83
Q

Hemoglobin is metabolized to BV and BR; normally conjugated with sugar residue (_______)

A

glucuronic acid

84
Q

Insol BR requires _______ for transport

A

albumin

85
Q

Does BR have to conjugated

A

yes

86
Q

CBR is reduced in the _________ by bacterial action; colorless intermediates

A

GI tract

87
Q

What type of BR is reabsorbed and secreted in urine

A

urobilinogens

88
Q

What type of BR is excreted only

A

Sterocobilinogens

89
Q

What type of BR is standing exposed to air - turns brown/black urobilins

A

urobilinogens

90
Q

What type of BR is oxidized to stercobilins (brown; gives feces color)

A

Sterocobilinogens

91
Q

What is the outcome of excessive hemolysis on bilirubin

A

hyperbilirubinemia

92
Q

What is the outcome of hepatic / bile obstruction

A

hyperbilirubinemia

93
Q

What happens to erythropoiesis of hyperbilirubinemia

A

ineffective erythropoiesis

94
Q

Hepatic overproduction of BR causes?

A

hyperbilirubinemia

95
Q

Cholestasis in result of intrahepatic obstructions 2 degree to necrosis or fibrosis or obstruction of gallbladder (stones, duct parasites and tumors) causes?

A

hyperbilirubinemia

96
Q

What converts FFA to acetyl CoA

A

B-oxidation

97
Q

What forms Acetyl CoA

A

acetoacetate
B-hydroxybutyric acid

98
Q

What is responsible for muscle degeneration

A

lack of alanine and glutamine

99
Q

What is needed in the liver for gluconeogenesis

A

alanine

100
Q

What are derived from LCFA (NEFAs)

A

ketones

101
Q

What happnes to cAMP and HSL (hormone sensitive lipase) when insultin is low and glucagon is high

A

increased cAMP
Increased HSL

102
Q

What should you think about when you hear Albumin?

A

LCFA

103
Q

Where are ketons found

A

on the liver!!

104
Q

Acetoacetate can be reduced and ___________ is reduced to acetoacetate: bith can be reduced to LCFA

A

3-hydroxybutyrate

105
Q

Where does oxidation occur

A

in peripheral tissues

106
Q

Acetoacetate + Succinyl CoA can form or be formed via _________ to form or be formed from acetoacetyl CoA + succinate

A

3 Ketoacid CoA transferase

107
Q

Where are 3 Ketoacid CoA transferase found?

A

skeletal muscle
heart
spleen
kidneys
brain

108
Q

What is pluridimensional efficacy

A

the capacity of GPCRs to signal via multiple G protein and non-G protein effectors.

Intro to Pharmacology (27 decks)

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