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Intro to Pharmacology > Exam 3 - Module 6 quiz > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Module 6 quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the pair-points best reflects a metabolic alkalosis? Note: A= normal and PCO2 isobars = isopleths. Also, don’t be distracted by the blood-buffer line.

A

A-C

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2
Q

Which expression best reflects increased respiratory rate, without necessarily precipitating a significant change in PaCO2?

A. tachypnea
B. hyperventilation
C. orthopnea
D. dyspnea

A

A. Tachypnea

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3
Q

Which hematological variable represents the best index of decreased FiO2?

A. decreased plasma [HCO3-]
b. decreased PaO2
c. bradypnea
d. increased PaO2

A

B. decreased PaO2

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4
Q

Which primary disturbance:compensation couplet is incorrectly paired?

a. respiratory alkalosis:metabolic acidosis
b. respiratory acidosis:metabolic acidosis
c. metabolic alkalosis:respiratory acidosis
d. metabolic acidosis:respiratory alkalosis

A

B. respiratory acidosis:metabolic acidosis

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5
Q

What is the expected change in PaCO2 secondary to a significant V/Q mismatch caused by diaphragmatic paresis?

a. PaCO2 increases
b. PaCO2 decreases
c. PaCO2 will not change

A

A. PaCO2 increases

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6
Q

A previously healthy Chihuahua named Sox developed a gastrointestinal illness, marked by intense and frequent episodes of nausea and vomiting. The following laboratory data were obtained after 9 hours of this condition: Body weight 3 Kg; Blood pressure 125/82 mmHg; arterial plasma pH = 7.56; PaCO2 = 39 mmHg; plasma [HCO3-] = 37 mEq/L, Urine pH = 7.8. Based on interpretation of these data, identify the primary acid-base disturbance.

A

Metabolic alkalosis

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7
Q

Identify the obstructive pulmonary disease.

A. impairment of mucus clearance
B. flail ribs secondary to blunt force trauma
C. pulmonary fibrosis
D. pneumothorax
E. diaphragmatic hernia

A

A. impairment of mucus clearance

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8
Q

True or False? Pulmonary embolism can lead to hypoxemia and hypercapnia and precipitate a combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis?

A

True

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9
Q

True or False? Atelectasis, secondary to a pneumothorax, can precipitate a major V/Q mismatch.

A

True

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10
Q

Is it probable that CNS-acting medications administered during anesthesia can reduce respiratory drive enough to cause a V/Q mismatch and lead to an acid-base disturbance that wasn’t present before the administration of the drugs?

A

Yes/True

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11
Q

Which mechanism is responsible for the movement of gases across the alveolar:blood interface?

A. active transport
B. simple diffusion
C. filtration
D. facilitated diffusion

A

B. simple diffusion

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12
Q

Define tachypnea

A

abnormally rapid breathing

often shallow and typically a respone to conditions like fever, anxiety, pain, or lung disease

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13
Q

What is defined as an increased respiratory rate without nexessarily involving deeper breath

A

Tachypnea

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14
Q

Does Tachypnea have an effect on CO2

A

NO!!!!

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15
Q

Define hyperventilaion

A

increased ventilation rate and/or depth of breathing leads to excess loss of CO2

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16
Q

define hypocapnia

A

excess loss of carbon dioxide

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17
Q

What is defined as both rapid and deep breaths, causing reducing in blood CO2 levels. It can be triggered by anxiety, panic attacks, and metabolic acidosis

A

hyperventilation

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18
Q

Define orthopnea

A

Difficulty breathing when lying flat, which improves when sitting or standing up

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19
Q

What is defined as where the animals is laying down and increases venous blood return to the heart, worsening pulomnoary congestion

A

orthopnea

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20
Q

Define dyspnea

A

subjective sensation or difficult, uncomfortable, or labored breathing (shortness of breath)

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21
Q

What is defined as non-specific breathing patthern that can include a wide range of symptoms including heart diseases, lung diseases, anemia or anxiety

A

Dyspnea

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22
Q

Define FiO2

A

the fraction (percentage) of oxygen in the air that a person inhales

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23
Q

What is nomral FiO2

A

0.21 or 21%

24
Q

Does a decreased in HCO3- indicate in regards to FiO2

A

Increasing FiO2, may not directly correct the acid-base disturbance, but it can help maintain adequate oxygenation if the patient is hypoxemia. However if the primary issue is matabolic, so oxygen supplementation alone does not fix the underlying problem

25
Q

What does a decreases HCO3- indicate

A

metabolic acidosis

26
Q

What is the compensation for metabolic acidosis

A

the body tries through hyperventilation, to lower the CO2 concentration in an attempt to raise pH

27
Q

What is another term for decreased PaO2

A

hypoxemia

28
Q

define decreased PaO2

A

(partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood) means the patient has low blood oxygen levels

29
Q

What needs to happen to FiO2 in relation to decreased PaO2 (Hypoxemia)

A

increasing FiO2 can help raise PaO2 by providing a higher concentration of oxygen, making more oxygen available for gas exchange in the lungs

30
Q

What is the clinical use of FiO2 being given in animals in large doses

A

hypoxemia

31
Q

Define bradypnea

A

abnormally slow respiratory rate

32
Q

What happens to PaO2 and PaCO2 when the animal has Bradypnea

A

Hypoxemia: low PaO2

Hypercapnia: high PaCO2

this is because slow breathing can reduce alveolar ventilation

33
Q

What does braypnea have in relation to FiO2

A

increasing FiO2 can help midigate hypoxemia, but is bradypnea is severe, ventilation support may also be necessary to ensure adequate gas exchange

34
Q

What is another term for increased PaO2

A

Hyperoxia

35
Q

Define what an increase in PaO2 has on arterial blood

A

partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is high than normal, often due to excessive oxygen supplementation

36
Q

What is the relationship between increased PaO2 and FiO2

A

When FiO2 is too high, it can lead to hyperoxia, which might cause oxygen toxicity, particurally in the lungs and central nervous system

37
Q

What is normal PaO2 in the blood

A

80-100 mmHg

38
Q

Is the following an obstructive or restrictive pulomary disease:

  • impairment of mucus clearence
A

obstructive

often leads to airway obstruction due to mucus buildup. the mucus obstructs airflow, increasing airway resistance

39
Q

Is the following an obstructive or restrictive pulomary disease:

  • flail ribs (due to blunt force trauma)
A

restrictive

flaid ribs (multiple ribs fractures causing a segment of the chest wall to move paradoxically) impair normal chest expansion. This leads to restrictive lung mechansms as the patient is unable to take deep breath effectively

40
Q

Is the following an obstructive or restrictive pulomary disease:

  • pulmonary fibrosis
A

restrictive

pulmonary fibrosis involves scarring of lung tissue, which makes the lungs stiff and less compliant. this restricts lung expansion, reducing lung volumes and decreasing total lung capacity

41
Q

Is the following an obstructive or restrictive pulomary disease:

  • pneumothorax
A

this leads to air in the pleural space, causing the lung to collpase. this reduced lung volume and impairs the lungs ability to expand, which is characteristic of a restrcitive pattern

42
Q

Is the following an obstructive or restrictive pulomary disease:

  • Diaphragmatic hernia
A

restrictive

protrusion of abdominal organs into the thoracic cavity, reducing the space for lung expansion

43
Q

________ refers to low oxygen levels in the blood, specifically a decreased partial pressure of oxygen (PaO₂) in arterial blood.

A

hypoxemia

44
Q

symptoms of Hypoxemia

A
  • Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
  • Cyanosis (bluish skin or lips)
  • Confusion or altered mental status
  • Tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
45
Q

_______ is the condition of having elevated carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels in the blood, indicated by an increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂).

A

hypercapnia

46
Q

What are symptoms of Hypercapnia

A
  • Headache (due to cerebral vasodilation)
  • Confusion or altered mental state (CO₂ narcosis)
  • Drowsiness or lethargy
  • Flushed skin
    Dyspnea (difficulty breathing)
47
Q

Does simple diffusion require energy

A

no

48
Q

Does facilitated diffusion require energy

A

no

49
Q

Does active transport require energy

A

yes (ATP)

50
Q

Does Filtration required energy

A

No (Passive)

51
Q

What is the role Simple Diffusion of Alveolar-Blood interface

A

Primary mechanism for O2 and CO2 exchange

52
Q

What is the role Facilitated Diffusion of Alveolar-Blood interface

A

minimal role in gas exchange; for specific solutes

53
Q

_________ is a condition characterized by an increase in blood CO₂ (carbon dioxide) levels, leading to a decrease in blood pH (acidosis).

A

respiratory acidosis

54
Q

What is the role Active Transport of Alveolar-Blood interface

A

Ion and fluid regulation, not for O2 / Co2

55
Q

What is the role Filtration of Alveolar-Blood interface

A

influences fluid movement and can affect gas exchange

56
Q

Define Orthopnea

A

Difficulty breathing when lying flat, relieved by sitting or standing up, often associated with heart failure or severe lung disease.

Intro to Pharmacology (27 decks)

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