Module 1 RQ

Question 1

what is an adverse drug reaction

Answer 1

Adverse drug reaction is harmful and unplesant reaction due to medication resulting from administration, treatment plans, alteraltion of drug dosage, error or misue

Question 2

What type of drug interactions are the most common reasons for adverse drug reaction

Answer 2

drug-drug
drug-disease

Question 3

____________ is what the body does with the drug and how it is processed

Answer 3

Pharmokinetics

Question 4

____________ is what effects the drugs have on the body

Answer 4

Pharmodynamics

Question 5

what is comorbidity

Answer 5

underlying or concurrent conditions and/or medications that may affect drug choice, treatment plans, and pharmokinetic processes.

Question 6

What are drug-drug interactions

Answer 6

occurs when a current drug can alter the pharmokinetics of another drug. This occurs due to comorbidities affecting the pharmokinetcs or pharmodynamics of how the drug is delivered

Question 7

What does ADME stand for

Answer 7

Absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

Question 8

Which part of ADME is decribed

Oral absoprtion is longer in kids due to gastric emptying times, or it can be taken as a higher the gastric pH, the faster medication is absorbed

Answer 8

Absorption

Question 9

Which part of ADME is decribed

distriubtion in the body can be thought of as when the patients get older, they will have a higher concentration of drugs to less concentration (body fluid).

Answer 9

Distribution

Question 10

Which part of ADME is decribed

kids is slowe than adults due to immature hepatic enzymes

Answer 10

Metabolism

Question 11

Which part of ADME is decribed

Kids and elderly is slower due to the glomerular filtration rate

Answer 11

excretion

Question 12

what is define as the amount of time it takes for the drugs plasma concentration to decrease by 50%

Answer 12

T 1/2 (half-life)

Question 13

in T 1/2 a Vd/C what does T 1/2 describe

Answer 13

the amount of time it takes for the drugs plasma concentration to decrease by 50%

Question 14

in T 1/2 a Vd/C what does Vd refer to

Answer 14

whether the drug has or will stay in the blood or move to other compartments

Question 15

in T 1/2 a Vd/C what does C refer to

Answer 15

amount of time it take the drug to leave the body

Question 16

T/F: half-life is directly related to the volume of distribution and inversley related to clearence rate

Answer 16

true

Question 17

what is acid dissociation constant

Answer 17

referred to as Ka

• distinguishes strong and weak acids

Question 18

If the drug has a higher pKa, the (weaker or stronger) the acids and more dissociation that occues

Answer 18

weaker

Question 19

How does intramuscular administration of drug / cocktail may affect bioavability of that drug

Answer 19

IM decreases the amount of bioavability due to breakdown or absoprtion from epithelium, cells, or another mechanism such as enzymes, capillaries and acidity.

This means that by the time the drug reaches the bloodstreamit will not be as high in concentration and therefore may require multiple dosages throughout the day or a higher dosage is needed

Question 20

what is described as the concentration defined as the amount of drug below what is needed to produced the intended effect. levels can vary depending on weight, sex and other characterisitcs

Answer 20

sub-theraputic concentration

Question 21

_________ refers to the ability of a substance to pass or mix with an oily or fatty layer in the membrane for absorption.

Answer 21

Lipophalicity

Question 22

__________ refers to the amount of solutes in a specific amount of solution, which is known as the concentration of the drug.

Answer 22

Solubility

Question 23

When a drug is more soluble or able to pass through the lipid bilayer, it will have a (higher or lower) concentration in the blood.

Answer 23

higher

Question 24

Drugs entering the GI tract may have (lower or higher) concentrations in the blood due to the amount of time it takes to break down and other factors that may break down the drug, like pH (acidic levels of the stomach), enzymes, and epithelium.

Answer 24

lower

Question 25

When _________receptors are used, we can decrease the amount of time it takes the medication to be broken down or moved. Drugs absorbed in the stomach and have less time in the gastric mucosa will have lower concentrations because they are not broken down or absorbed enough. Those in the small bowel can have higher concentration rates.

Answer 25

Muscerinic

Question 26

Drugs such as proton-pump inhibitors and antihistamines can alter the gastric pH and overall effected the rate of _______

Answer 26

absorption

Question 27

_________ is outcome of medication, trauma or other outside effects that leads to intestinal failure from
the lack of epithelium covering the stomach

Answer 27

ileus

Question 28

Describe/explain some of the major factors associated with promo/ng the distribu/on of
medica/ons, subsequent to their absorp/on.

Answer 28

Good health, Low amount of fat proportional to water volume, appropriate pH, correct usage,
and dosage of drugs.

Question 29

Describe/explain some of the major factors associated with interfering with the distribu/on of medica/ons, subsequent to their absorp/on.

Answer 29

According to the National Library of Medicine, some characteristics interfering with the distribution of drugs can be diseases, amount of fat, other medications, pH, body water, and usage of the drug

Question 30

Some drugs are bound to carrier proteins and albumin for ___________.

Answer 30

transportation

Question 31

What is the adap/ve significance of albumin and other ‘carrier proteins” func/oning as chaperones in the general circulation?

Answer 31

Some drugs are bound to carrier proteins and albumin for transportation. Depending on the presence of other drugs and substances in the blood, drugs can also bind to plasma proteins. Albumin and other carrier proteins can protect drug molecules during circulation and ensure they are active and not being broken down and absorbed where they are not needed

Question 32

What are three dis/nct humoral carrier proteins and where do they come from?

Answer 32

Three humoral carrier proteins are Albumin, Transferrin, and globulin. Albumin and transferrin are produced in the liver, while globulins are produced in plasma cells. These proteins are important for transport and maintaining blood pressure

Question 33

According to National Library of Medicine, patients with Chronic Liver disease are on average of 9 medications for treatment and control. When one or more medications, especially the average of 9, it can affect __________ and how the drug Is metabolized or __________ and how the drugs combined will affect the body. Will these drugs cause a greater danger, helping one organ but causing problems to another, and how long can the patient be on all these medications until either more are added or the efficacy of the drug Is decreased

Answer 33

Pharmokinetics
Pharmodynamics

Question 34

_________ is the effect of how the drug is broken down in the body. Metabolism can take part in the lungs, kidneys, liver, or GI tract. The goal of metabolism is to either make the drug less active or activate the drug to its therapeutic state, ending in excretion. Excretion is the elimination process in which the drug leaves the body. This can take place in the lungs, urine, or feces

Answer 34

Metabolism

Question 35

define zero-order metabolism

Answer 35

Is the defined as the drug concentration increase the rate of eliminations stays the same.

Question 36

define first-order metabolism

Answer 36

the drug concentration increase so does the rate of elimination, meaning they share a liner relationship.

Question 37

This medication is important for the reduction-oxidation and conjunction reactions to increase water solubility and excretion of medication related to zero and first-order drug metabolism

Answer 37

CYP450 induction medication

Question 38

What is meant by “proteins are amphoteric”?

Answer 38

Amphoteric proteins can act as acids or bases, meaning they have both acidic and basic
properties

Question 39

Describe what is meant by the ‘affinity’ of a drug to a receptor.

Answer 39

Affinity is the attraction between a drug and its specific receptor. When a drug has a higher
affinity, generally, less dosage is needed for the intended response

Question 40

Explain what protein-binding site saturation means.

Answer 40

Saturation describes the state in which all binding sites on the protein are occupied, and the protein is unable to bind any other substances. The more protein binding sites are filled, the more saturated the molecule will be.

Question 41

What is meant by the expression “apparent volume of distribution”?

Answer 41

This expresses the amount of drug in the body compared to the blood concentration of the drug
(Vd)

Question 42

Answer op/ons are “YES” or “NO”. Does a drug with high affinity for albumin have a small apparent volume of distribu/on? Explain your reasoning.

Answer 42

Yes – drugs with a high affinity for albumin have small Vd. Since albumin is in the blood the binding drug will likely stay in the blood (bound to one another), meaning it will not move into other compartments, therefore small Vd (volume of distribution).