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Intro to Pharmacology > Exam 3: Module 6: Acid-Base > Flashcards

Exam 3: Module 6: Acid-Base Flashcards

1
Q

define cyanosis

A

mucous membranes, skin, or extrimities turn a bluish or purple color (discoloration)

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2
Q

What indicates the presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin (reduced hemoglobin) in the blood, which results in inadequate oxygen delivery to the tissues (hypoxemia)

A

Cyanosis

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3
Q

What drug class can be given to manage heart failure and reduce pulmonary congestion

A

ACE inhibitors

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4
Q

What is defined as difficult or labored breathing

A

dyspena

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5
Q

What is defined as rapid and shallow breathing

A

tachypnea

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6
Q

T/F: Dogs place themsevles in unusual positions to ease breathing

A

true

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7
Q

What is open-mouth breathing a sign of?

A

respiratory distress

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8
Q

What is cyanosis

A

bluish or puprlish color of skin, lips, or around the eyes

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9
Q

If an animal has respiratory problems, will they have excercise intolerance or normal exercise?

A

exercise intolerance

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10
Q

Define orthopnea

A
  • discomfort when laying down flat
  • common in people with heart and lung conditions
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11
Q

What are the anatomical regions that may help ideentidy the cause of respiratory distress

A
  • airway
  • pulomonary parenchyma
  • pleural space
  • thoracic wall
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12
Q

What part of the respiratory tract is used for part of the lungs responisble for gas exchange

A

pulomnary parenchyma

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13
Q

What is the thin gap between the two layers of tissues that surround the lungs and lines of the chest cavity

A

pleural space

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14
Q

What respiratory conditions come from:

  • decrease in ventiltation (hypoventilation)
  • increase concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood = decrease in blood pH value
A

Respiratory Acidosis

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15
Q

What are some examples of acute inhibition of medually control center that can lead to respiratory acidosis

A
  • opiates
  • sedatives
  • anesthetics
  • oxygen deprivation
  • cardiac arrest
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16
Q

What are some examples of chronic inhibition of meducally control center that can lead to respiratory acidosis

A
  • extreme obestity
  • brain lesions
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17
Q

Define paresis

A

weakness of voluntary movement or patrial loss of voluntary movement or imparied movement

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18
Q

What can paresis (MG. paralysis, drugs, and hypokalemia) leads to in the acute form

A

respiratory acidosis

  • due to disorders of skeletak muscles / chest wall
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19
Q

What can paresis (spinal cord injury), extreme obesity and rib fractures) lead to in the chronic form

A

respiratory acidosis

  • due to disorders of the skeletal muscles / chest wall
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20
Q

What are some examples of acute airway obstruction and what can they lead to?

A
  • aspiration
  • laryngealospasm

leads to respiratory acidosis

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21
Q

Define aspiration

A

when food, liquid, or other materials are accidentally inhaled into the lungs

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22
Q

Define laryngealospasms

A

sudden and involuntary contraction of vocal cords that make it hard to breath and speak

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23
Q

What are some examples of chronic airway obstruction and what can it lead to

A
  • neoplasia
  • collapsing trachea
  • layrngeal paralysis
  • may lead to respiratory acidosis
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24
Q

define neoplasia

A

abnormal or excessive growth of tissue

25
Q

define laryngeal paralysis

A

nerves and muscles that control the larynx and they stop working

26
Q

Are the following Acute/chronic effects causing respiratory acidosis

  • cardiac pulmonary edema
  • asthma / pneumona
  • pneumothorax
A

acute

27
Q

Are the following Acute/chronic effects causing respiratory acidosis

  • hemothorax
  • pyothorax
A

acute

28
Q

Are the following Acute/chronic effects causing respiratory acidosis

  • chylothorax
  • emobolic shower
A

acute

29
Q

define pnuemothorax

A

air builds up in space between the lungs and chest wall = causing the lungs to collapse

30
Q

define hemothorax

A

blood in the plueral space

31
Q

define pyothorax

A

pus or inflammatory fluid biulds up in the pleural space

32
Q

define chylothorax

A

lymph fluid (chyle) builds up in pleural cavity

  • very rare
33
Q

define embolic shower

A

series of multiple acute ischemic stokes that occur in different vascular territories at the same time

34
Q

Are the following Acute/chronic effects causing respiratory acidosis

  • COPD
  • bronchitis
A

chronic

35
Q

Are the following Acute/chronic effects causing respiratory acidosis

  • emphysema
  • extreme obesity
A

chronic

36
Q

Are the following Acute/chronic effects causing respiratory acidosis

  • neoplasia
A

chronic

37
Q

define bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchioles

38
Q

define emphysema

A

chronic lung disease that damages the air sacs (alveoli) = hard to breath

39
Q

define neoplasia

A

abnormal growth of tissue

40
Q

What uncompensated response would be in the top left box

A

respiratory acidosis

41
Q

What uncompensated response would be in the top right box

A

Metabolic alkalosis

42
Q

What uncompensated response would be the bottom left box

A

metabolic acidosis

43
Q

What uncompensated response would be in the bottom right box

A

respiratory alkalosis

44
Q

What acid base disturbance comes from a decrease in HCO3- and increase in H+

A

Acidosis

45
Q

What acid base disturbance comes from an increase in HCO3- and increase in H+

A

alkalosis

46
Q

What would be the respiratory compensation be if:
- decrease in pH
- decreases HCO3-
- increase in H+

A

hyperventilation
- want to remove excess CO2

47
Q

What would be the renal compensation be if:
- decrease in pH
- decreases HCO3-
- increase in H+

A

Conserve HCO3-
Excrete H+

48
Q

What would be the respiratory compensation be if:
- Increase in pH
-Increase HCO3-
- Decrease in H+

A

Hypoventilation

49
Q

What would be the renal compensation be if:
- Increase in pH
- Increase HCO3-
- Decrease in H+

A

Excrete HCO3-
Conserve H+

50
Q

What is methemoglobinemia

A

a rare blood disorder that occurs when there’s too much methemoglobin in the blood. Methemoglobin is a type of hemoglobin that can’t carry oxygen, so when there’s too much of it, tissues don’t get enough oxygen

51
Q

Is methemoglobinemia Congenital or acquired

A

both

52
Q

What are the autosomal defeects that can cause methemoglobinemia

A

defects in CYP5 or Hb (hemoglobin)

53
Q

What are some local anesthetics that can cause methemoglobinemia

A

oxidizing agents
- nirtrates
- benzocaine

54
Q

Methemoglbin is an altered state of _____, which which the Fe2+ irons of heme are oxidized to Fe3+ state

A

hemoglobin

55
Q

What is Fe2+ iron of heme

A

ferrous

56
Q

What is Fe3+ state of heme

A

ferric

57
Q

Are ferric or ferrous hemes of methemoglobin unable to bind to oxygen

A

ferric

58
Q

What is the result in oxygen carrying capacity in an individual with methemglobinemia

A

decreased oxygen carrying capacity

Intro to Pharmacology (27 decks)

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