Exam 3 - Module 7 quiz

Question 1

A 2-year-old kitten was exposed to fumes while its owner was using canned spray paint to clear up blotches on his new chevy truck. Both the cat and the human were exposed to and inhaled all sorts of polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Once those hydrocarbons entered the bloodstream they immediately became a threat to both organisms. How might the hepatic system help to minimize the T1/2 of these compounds before they lead to potentially disastrous pathology?

A. Liver can’t do anything about these, sadly its up to the lungs only
B. liver has capability to transform these compounds via enzymatic pathways that will attenuate their toxicity
C. liver has capability to transform these compounds via enzymatic pathways that will ensure that they stay lipophilic
D. both the feline and the human lack the ability to deal with these compounds

Answer 1

B. liver has capability to transform these compounds via enzymatic pathways that will attenuate their toxicity

Question 2

What is the expected change (from normal) in ALT, AST, ALP and LDH secondary to cholestasis caused by an abdominal tumor?

A. they will increase
B. they will decrease
C. they should not change

Answer 2

A. they will increase

Question 3

Which hepatic:protein couplet is incorrectly paired?

A. liver:renin
B. liver:apoprotein
C. liver:angiotensinogen
D. liver:albumin
E. liver:ligandin

Answer 3

A. liver:renin

Question 4

Which variable is the best index (sensitive, but not specific) of hepatocellular damage?

A. respiratory acidosis
B. steatorhhea
C. elevated ALT and ALP
D. increased plasma pH
E. elevated BUN

Answer 4

C. elevated ALT/ALP

Question 5

which expression reflects a compound introduced into the body from the outside?

A. orthopnea
B. xenobiotic
C. keotgenesis
D. polychlorinated hydrocarbon
E. xenomorph
F. Xena, the warrier princess

Answer 5

B. xenobiotic

Question 6

What is the primary effect of bile secretion into the GI tract during/after a meal?

A. it causes the secretion of CCL
B. causes RBCs to become senescent
C. increases the acidity of the GI tract
D. emulsification
E. it potentiates steatorrhea

Answer 6

D. emulsification

Question 7

which expression best reflects the adaptive significance of phase 1 hepatic reactions linked specifically to MFOs (mixed function oxidases)?

A. MFOs reduce xenobiotics
B. MFOs prime compounds for conjugation with lipophilic compounds during phase 2
C. MFOs completely inactivate xenobiotics
D. MFOs prime compounds for conjugation with polar compounds during phase 2

Answer 7

D. MFOs prime compounds for conjugation with polar compounds during phase 2

Question 8

Which of the compounds is least expected to be a conjugate during a hepatic biotransformation of a xenobiotic?

A. glucuronic acid
B. sulfates
C. gluthathione
D. amino acids
E. an aliphatic hydrocarbon

Answer 8

E. an aliphatic hydrocarbon

Question 9

T/F: Endogenous compounds like catecholamines and aldosterone and thyroid hormones are subjected to hepatic biotransformation by the same enzymatic machinery that process xenobiotics

Answer 9

True

Question 10

T/F: Might it be true that lethargy, inappetence, exercise intolerance and stupor observed in an animal with hepatic disease is linked to the inability of the liver to process ammonia properly

Answer 10

True

Question 11

T/F: Bile acids and bile salts are the same thing

Answer 11

false

Question 12

Which of the expressions best characterizes the functional property of bile in its role as an emulsifier?

A. it contains amphipathic compounds
B. all of the compounds in it are NEFAs
C. it contains a lot of polychlorinated biphenyl compounds
D. it is composed entirely of water, salts, and HCO3-

Answer 12

A. it contains amphipathic compounds

Question 13

Conjugation of bilirubin with glucuronate occurs when?

A. alevoli
B. hepatocytes
C. bloodstream
D. cholangiocytes

Answer 13

B. hepatocytes

Question 14

T/F: Increase hormone-sensitive lipase activity, increased circulating NEFAs, and keotgenesis are expected to be stimulated by glucagon secretion rather than by insulin secretion

Answer 14

True

Question 15

influences fluid movement and can affect gas exchange

Answer 15

more soluble
- ionized form
- conjugated

Question 16

Are bile salts more or less soluble

Answer 16

less soluble
- unconjugated

Question 17

What does the following define: combined with glycine or taurine. They are more water-soluble and ionized (salts), making them more effective in emulsifying fats.

Answer 17

bile salts

Question 18

What does the following define: synthesized in the liver from cholesterol. They are less soluble and can exist in their protonated (acidic) form.

Answer 18

bile acids

Question 19

Are bile Acids or Bile salts conjugated

Answer 19

bile salts

Question 20

Are bile acids or Bile salts unconjugated

Answer 20

bile acids

Question 21

What is the effect of the following compound during biotransformation of a xenobiotic

• Aliphatic Hydrocarbon

Answer 21

Phase I oxidation

Does NOT directly conjugate

• initial oxidation makes it more reactove, allowing conjugation and elimination

Question 22

What is the effect of the following compound during biotransformation of a xenobiotic

• Amino Acids

Answer 22

conjugates xenobiotics with amino acids (Ex: glycine, taurine)

• increases solubility and prepares the compound for excretion

Question 23

What is the effect of the following compound during biotransformation of a xenobiotic

• Glutathione

Answer 23

conjugates with reactive xenobiotics to form glutathione conjugate

• detoxifies harmful compounds and facilitates removal

Question 24

What is the effect of the following compound during biotransformation of a xenobiotic

• Sulfates

Answer 24

adds a sulfate group to xenobiotics

• enhances water solubility = helping in excretion

Question 25

What is the effect of the following compound during biotransformation of a xenobiotic

• Glucuronic acid

Answer 25

Forms glucuronides

• increases solubility for easier excretion in urine and bile

Question 26

define Polychlorinated Hydrocarbon

Answer 26

A group of synthetic organic chemicals containing multiple chlorine atoms, known for their persistence in the environment and potential toxicity (e.g., PCBs, DDT).

Question 27

Define Ketogenesis

Answer 27

The metabolic process by which the liver produces ketone bodies (acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone) from fatty acids, typically during periods of fasting or low carbohydrate intake.

Question 28

Define Xenobiotic

Answer 28

A chemical substance that is foreign to the biological system, including drugs, pollutants, and synthetic compounds not naturally produced by the body.

Question 29

Define Orthopnea

Answer 29

Difficulty breathing when lying flat, relieved by sitting or standing up, often associated with heart failure or severe lung disease.

Question 30

What relation does hepatocellular damage have on Elevated BUN

Answer 30

early dysfunction or secondary kidney issues

Question 31

What relation does hepatocellular damage have on Increased plasma pH

Answer 31

indirectly affected by impaired ammonia metabolism

Question 32

What relation does hepatocellular damage have on Elevated ALT and ALP

Answer 32

direct indicators of heptocellular and biliary damage

Question 33

What relation does hepatocellular damage have on Steatorrhea

Answer 33

reduced bile production impairs fat absorption

Question 34

What relation does hepatocellular damage have on respiratory acidosis

Answer 34

hypoventilation in hepatic encephalitis

Question 35

Define elevated BUN

Answer 35

high blood urea nitrogen

Question 36

Define plasma pH

Answer 36

elevated blood pH - Alkalosis

Question 37

Define Elevated ALP and ALP

Answer 37

liver enzymes in the blood

Question 38

defeine Steatorrhea

Answer 38

Excess fat in stool

Question 39

Define respiratory acidosis

Answer 39

low pH due to elevated CO2