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Intro to Pharmacology > Exam 2: Lecture 4: Major Kidney Function > Flashcards

Exam 2: Lecture 4: Major Kidney Function Flashcards

1
Q

Questions

A

Answers

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2
Q

What is the main function of the kidneys?

A

Remove metabolic byproducts and toxins.

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3
Q

What are the two key processes in urine formation?

A

Filtration and secretion.

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4
Q

How do kidneys regulate water and solute recovery?

A

Filtration and reabsorption.

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5
Q

What three blood characteristics do kidneys regulate?

A

Electrolytes, fluid volume, acid-base balance.

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6
Q

Which hormones are produced by the kidneys?

A

Renin, erythropoietin, vitamin D.

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7
Q

What are examples of paracrine signals produced by the kidneys?

A

Prostaglandins, bradykinin.

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8
Q

What is the source of urine?

A

Derived from the bloodstream.

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9
Q

What is the impact of hypoxia on nephron function?

A

Reduces nephron function.

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10
Q

What type of vasculature is found in domestic animals’ kidneys?

A

Classic kidney vasculature.

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11
Q

What is the primary pressure driving filtration in the glomerulus?

A

Hydrostatic pressure.

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12
Q

What is required for nephron processes to function?

A

A lot of ATP.

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13
Q

What happens in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

Solutes like Na+ are reabsorbed.

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14
Q

What type of capillaries are found in the kidneys?

A

Fenestrated capillaries.

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15
Q

What do peritubular capillaries do?

A

Reabsorb water and solutes from interstitial fluid.

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16
Q

What wraps around renal tubules?

A

Peritubular capillaries.

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17
Q

What is the structure of Bowman’s capsule?

A

Filters fluid into the nephron.

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18
Q

What cells contract in response to angiotensin?

A

Mesangial cells.

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19
Q

What prevents large proteins from entering the filtrate?

A

Negatively charged basement membrane.

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20
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Cells that form filtration slits in the glomerulus.

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21
Q

What forces drive filtration across the glomerular capillaries?

A

Starling forces.

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22
Q

What is the effect of increased vascular permeability?

A

Increased fluid movement due to Starling forces.

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23
Q

What proteins contribute to oncotic pressure in the blood?

A

Albumin.

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24
Q

What happens when albumin levels decrease?

A

Reduced oncotic pressure and more fluid filtration.

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25
Q

What happens when glomerular pressure increases?

A

Blood flow increases.

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26
Q

What happens with extreme glomerular resistance?

A

Blood flow becomes constant despite increased pressure.

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27
Q

What maintains fluid movement in the kidneys?

A

Homeostatic control of glomerular pressure.

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28
Q

What is the role of vasa recta in the kidneys?

A

Maintains osmotic gradient for urine concentration.

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29
Q

What role do baroreceptors play in the kidney?

A

Sense pressure changes.

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30
Q

What do chemoreceptors in the kidney monitor?

A

Salt levels in the filtrate.

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31
Q

What role does nitric oxide play in kidney function?

A

Acts as a vasodilator.

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32
Q

What hormone causes vasoconstriction in the kidneys?

A

Angiotensin II.

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33
Q

What is the function of loop diuretics?

A

Inhibit ion reabsorption in the loop of Henle.

34
Q

What is the function of adenosine in the kidneys?

A

Causes vasoconstriction in afferent arterioles.

35
Q

What is the effect of reduced blood flow on GFR?

A

Decreases GFR.

36
Q

What happens when the afferent arteriole dilates?

A

Increases GFR.

37
Q

What is the effect of angiotensin II on the efferent arteriole?

A

Causes vasoconstriction.

38
Q

What is the myogenic response in the kidney?

A

Glomerular response to stretch in blood vessels.

39
Q

What receptors respond to changes in glomerular stretch?

A

Myogenic receptors.

40
Q

What does RAAS stand for?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

41
Q

What happens when RAAS is activated?

A

Increased blood pressure through vasoconstriction.

42
Q

What do prostaglandins do in the kidneys?

A

Modulate blood flow and inflammation.

43
Q

What does acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) inhibit in the kidneys?

A

Cyclo-oxygenases (COX).

44
Q

What is the effect of COX inhibitors on GFR?

A

May reduce GFR by constricting renal vessels.

45
Q

What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in kidney cells?

A

Stores calcium for muscle contraction.

46
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

Capillaries with small pores for filtration.

47
Q

What maintains the osmotic gradient in the kidneys?

A

Vasa recta.

48
Q

What happens if the loop of Henle loses function?

A

Inability to concentrate urine.

49
Q

What role do endothelial cells play in the kidney?

A

Line blood vessels and regulate filtration.

50
Q

What does reduced GFR indicate?

A

Impaired kidney function.

51
Q

What is the role of erythropoietin in the kidneys?

A

Stimulates red blood cell production.

52
Q

What role does vitamin D play in kidney function?

A

Regulates calcium and phosphate balance.

53
Q

What happens when peritubular capillaries are damaged?

A

Reduced reabsorption.

54
Q

What drives reabsorption in peritubular capillaries?

A

Starling forces.

55
Q

What are the two main types of capillaries in the kidneys?

A

Glomerular and peritubular.

56
Q

What is the function of glomerular capillaries?

A

Filtration of blood.

57
Q

What is the function of efferent arterioles?

A

Carry blood away from the glomerulus.

58
Q

What happens when efferent arterioles constrict?

A

Increases GFR.

59
Q

What happens to renal blood flow when afferent arterioles constrict?

A

Decreases.

60
Q

What happens in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorption of ions and water.

61
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?

A

Increases sodium reabsorption.

62
Q

What hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

63
Q

What happens if ADH levels decrease?

A

Urine volume increases.

64
Q

What is the role of the collecting duct?

A

Final adjustment of urine concentration.

65
Q

What happens if the collecting duct is impermeable to water?

A

Dilute urine is produced.

66
Q

What causes the release of renin?

A

Low blood pressure or low sodium.

67
Q

What converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).

68
Q

What is the effect of ACE inhibitors on the kidneys?

A

Reduce blood pressure and GFR.

69
Q

What happens if renin secretion is blocked?

A

Blood pressure decreases.

70
Q

What is the role of bradykinin in the kidneys?

A

Promotes vasodilation.

71
Q

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Regulates GFR and blood pressure.

72
Q

What cells secrete renin in the kidneys?

A

Juxtaglomerular cells.

73
Q

What is the function of macula densa cells?

A

Detect sodium levels in the distal tubule.

74
Q

What happens when sodium delivery to macula densa increases?

A

GFR decreases.

75
Q

What happens when macula densa detects low sodium?

A

Renin is released.

76
Q

What hormone stimulates red blood cell production?

A

Erythropoietin.

77
Q

What condition leads to increased erythropoietin secretion?

A

Hypoxia.

78
Q

What happens if erythropoietin levels are low?

A

Anemia.

79
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins in the kidney?

A

Modulate renal blood flow.

80
Q

What happens when renal blood flow decreases?

A

GFR decreases.

81
Q

What is the effect of inflammation on renal capillaries?

A

Increases vascular permeability.

Intro to Pharmacology (27 decks)

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