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Intro to Pharmacology > Exam 3: Module 6: AI Questions > Flashcards

Exam 3: Module 6: AI Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following hormones utilizes the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP pathway?
A) Estrogen
B) TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)
C) Testosterone
D) Progesterone

A

B

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2
Q

The primary cause of respiratory acidosis is:
A) Hyperventilation
B) Hypoventilation
C) Increased bicarbonate excretion
D) Metabolic alkalosis

A

b

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3
Q

Which enzyme degrades cAMP, terminating its signaling effect?
A) Adenylyl cyclase
B) Phosphodiesterase
C) Protein kinase C
D) Phospholipase C

A

B

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4
Q

A patient presenting with dyspnea, cyanosis, and orthopnea most likely has a problem affecting the:
A) Digestive tract
B) Pulmonary parenchyma
C) Central nervous system
D) Endocrine glands

A

B

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5
Q

Which of the following hormones acts via intracellular receptors?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Thyroid hormone
D) ADH

A

C

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6
Q

Down-regulation of hormone receptors results in:
A) Increased sensitivity
B) Decreased hormone affinity
C) Reduced hormone responsiveness
D) Enhanced hormone binding

A

C

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7
Q

The presence of air in the pleural space, leading to lung collapse, is known as:
A) Hemothorax
B) Pneumothorax
C) Pleural effusion
D) Atelectasis

A

B

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8
Q

Which of the following increases lung compliance?
A) Pulmonary fibrosis
B) Pneumonia
C) Emphysema
D) Pulmonary edema

A

C

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9
Q

The hormone sensitivity of a target cell is increased by:
A) Decreasing hormone concentration
B) Down-regulation of receptors
C) Increasing receptor number
D) Reducing enzyme activity

A

C

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10
Q

The main function of surfactant in the lungs is to:
A) Increase mucus production
B) Enhance alveolar surface tension
C) Reduce alveolar surface tension
D) Increase alveolar pressure

A

C

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11
Q

Which of the following hormones uses the phospholipase C second messenger system?
A) Insulin
B) GnRH
C) Glucagon
D) Aldosterone

A

B

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12
Q

Methemoglobinemia is characterized by:
A) Excess oxygen binding to hemoglobin
B) Iron oxidation from Fe2+ to Fe3+
C) Decreased hemoglobin synthesis
D) Increased carbon dioxide binding

A

B

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13
Q

Which hormone increases its own receptor numbers in target tissues, demonstrating up-regulation?
A) Insulin
B) Growth hormone
C) ADH
D) Cortisol

A

B

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14
Q

Which type of pleural effusion is characterized by the accumulation of lymphatic fluid?
A) Hemothorax
B) Pyothorax
C) Chylothorax
D) Hydrothorax

A

C

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15
Q

In respiratory acidosis, the primary disturbance is:
A) Increased bicarbonate concentration
B) Increased carbon dioxide concentration
C) Decreased blood pH due to metabolic causes
D) Increased respiratory rate

A

B

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16
Q

Which receptor system involves a direct enzymatic activity without a second messenger?
A) G-protein coupled receptors
B) Intracellular receptors
C) Receptor tyrosine kinases
D) Ion channel-linked receptors

A

C

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17
Q

A decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is known as:
A) Hypercapnia
B) Hypoxemia
C) Cyanosis
D) Dyspnea

A

B

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18
Q

Hormone receptors located on the plasma membrane typically bind:
A) Steroid hormones
B) Peptide hormones
C) Thyroid hormones
D) Vitamin D

A

B

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19
Q

The condition characterized by the collapse of part or all of a lung is:
A) Pleural effusion
B) Atelectasis
C) Pneumothorax
D) Pulmonary edema

A

B

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20
Q

Which enzyme is activated by cAMP in the adenylyl cyclase pathway?
A) Phosphodiesterase
B) Protein kinase A
C) Protein kinase C
D) Adenylyl cyclase

A

B

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21
Q

Increased airway resistance and bronchodilation can be achieved pharmacologically by:
A) Beta-2 adrenergic agonists
B) Beta-1 adrenergic blockers
C) Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists
D) Anticholinergics

A

A

22
Q

A common cause of a V/Q mismatch is:
A) Pulmonary embolism
B) Anemia
C) Metabolic alkalosis
D) Hyperventilation

A

A

23
Q

Which hormone requires binding to a cytoplasmic receptor before affecting gene expression?
A) ADH
B) Insulin
C) Estrogen
D) Epinephrine

A

C

24
Q

Pleural effusion can lead to which of the following clinical signs?
A) Hyperventilation
B) Decreased lung sounds on auscultation
C) Increased lung compliance
D) Productive coughing

A

B

25
Q

Which hormone signaling pathway involves G-protein activation and calcium release?
A) Adenylyl cyclase-cAMP
B) Phospholipase C-IP3/DAG
C) Receptor tyrosine kinase
D) Guanylyl cyclase-cGMP

A

B

26
Q

Which hormone receptor system typically involves a slower response due to gene transcription?
A) G-protein coupled receptors
B) Intracellular receptors
C) Ion channel-linked receptors
D) Catalytic receptors

A

B

27
Q

The V/Q mismatch condition where ventilation is adequate but perfusion is reduced is typically seen in:
A) Asthma
B) Pulmonary embolism
C) Pneumothorax
D) Pleural effusion

A

B

28
Q

The hormone that acts through a receptor tyrosine kinase system is:
A) Insulin
B) Cortisol
C) Thyroxine
D) Progesterone

A

A

29
Q

In methemoglobinemia, the oxidation state of iron in hemoglobin is:
A) Ferrous (Fe2+)
B) Ferric (Fe3+)
C) Elemental iron (Fe0)
D) Ferritin-bound

A

B

30
Q

The hormone most likely to use the phospholipase C/IP3 second messenger system is:
A) Glucagon
B) Oxytocin
C) Testosterone
D) Aldosterone

A

B

31
Q

Which condition is characterized by the buildup of pus in the pleural cavity?
A) Hemothorax
B) Chylothorax
C) Pyothorax
D) Hydrothorax

A

C

32
Q

The G-protein subunit that binds to GTP to activate a signaling cascade is:
A) Alpha subunit
B) Beta subunit
C) Gamma subunit
D) Delta subunit

A

A

33
Q

The most likely effect of decreased surfactant production in the lungs is:
A) Increased lung compliance
B) Decreased alveolar surface tension
C) Alveolar collapse (atelectasis)
D) Bronchodilation

A

C

34
Q

Which of the following hormones is classified as an amine hormone?
A) Glucagon
B) Epinephrine
C) Insulin
D) Cortisol

A

B

35
Q

A patient with chronic bronchitis is most likely to present with:
A) Hyperventilation
B) Dyspnea and productive cough
C) Cyanosis only during exercise
D) Decreased airway resistance

A

B

36
Q

A decrease in the number of hormone receptors on a target cell is known as:
A) Up-regulation
B) Down-regulation
C) Desensitization
D) Amplification

A

B

37
Q

Which hormone primarily regulates calcium levels in the blood?
A) Insulin
B) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C) Glucagon
D) Vasopressin

A

B

38
Q

Increased pulmonary vascular resistance can result in:
A) Decreased right ventricular afterload
B) Pulmonary hypertension
C) Left ventricular hypertrophy
D) Decreased lung compliance

A

B

39
Q

The enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP in the adenylyl cyclase pathway is:
A) Protein kinase A
B) Adenylyl cyclase
C) Phospholipase C
D) Guanylyl cyclase

A

B

40
Q

Which condition is likely to cause respiratory alkalosis?
A) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
B) Hyperventilation due to anxiety
C) Diabetic ketoacidosis
D) Pneumonia

A

B

41
Q

The hormone involved in milk ejection during lactation is:
A) Prolactin
B) Oxytocin
C) Estrogen
D) Progesterone

A

B

42
Q

In a patient with severe asthma, the primary cause of hypoxemia is:
A) Reduced surfactant production
B) V/Q mismatch due to airway obstruction
C) Increased lung compliance
D) Decreased pulmonary perfusion

A

B

43
Q

The primary physiological action of glucagon is to:
A) Lower blood glucose levels
B) Increase blood glucose levels
C) Promote fat storage
D) Enhance protein synthesis

A

B

44
Q

Which of the following is a potential complication of untreated pleural effusion?
A) Hypertension
B) Atelectasis
C) Hypercapnia
D) Hypoglycemia

A

B

45
Q

A hormone receptor complex that acts as a transcription factor typically binds to:
A) DNA
B) Ribosomes
C) mRNA
D) Mitochondria

A

A

46
Q

The clinical sign of bluish discoloration of the mucous membranes due to hypoxemia is:
A) Dyspnea
B) Cyanosis
C) Orthopnea
D) Tachypnea

A

B

47
Q

The hormone ADH primarily affects which part of the body?
A) Lungs
B) Kidneys
C) Liver
D) Heart

A

B

48
Q

In the phospholipase C pathway, the release of calcium from intracellular stores is triggered by:
A) IP3
B) cAMP
C) DAG
D) ATP

A

A

49
Q

Which hormone increases the reabsorption of sodium and water in the kidneys?
A) Aldosterone
B) Glucagon
C) Thyroxine
D) Epinephrine

A

A

50
Q

The hormone calcitonin is produced by which gland?
A) Adrenal gland
B) Thyroid gland
C) Pituitary gland
D) Pancreas

A

B

Intro to Pharmacology (27 decks)

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