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2024 Pharmacology > Exam 3: Module 7: AI Questions > Flashcards

Exam 3: Module 7: AI Questions Flashcards

1
Q

The primary function of the liver in drug metabolism involves:
A) Synthesis of albumin
B) Biotransformation via Phase I and Phase II reactions
C) Secretion of bile acids
D) Production of clotting factors

A

B

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2
Q

Which enzyme is a key player in the Phase I reactions of hepatic drug metabolism?
A) Glutathione S-transferase
B) Cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase
C) Lactate dehydrogenase
D) Alanine transaminase (ALT)

A

B

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3
Q

A dog presents with jaundice and elevated serum bilirubin levels. Which of the following is the most likely cause?
A) Hepatic insufficiency
B) Hyperthyroidism
C) Insulinoma
D) Hypothyroidism

A

A

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4
Q

The primary site for gluconeogenesis in the body is:
A) Pancreas
B) Muscle
C) Liver
D) Adipose tissue

A

C

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5
Q

During hepatic lipidosis, the liver is primarily overloaded with:
A) Glycogen
B) Proteins
C) Lipids (triglycerides)
D) Bile pigments

A

C

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6
Q

Which of the following is a common clinical sign of hepatic encephalopathy in dogs?
A) Diarrhea
B) Ataxia and disorientation
C) Hyperthermia
D) Hyperglycemia

A

B

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7
Q

In liver disease, an increase in ALT (alanine aminotransferase) indicates:
A) Bile duct obstruction
B) Hepatocellular damage
C) Protein malnutrition
D) Increased bile production

A

B

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8
Q

Which of the following processes is disrupted in a dog with cholestasis?
A) Gluconeogenesis
B) Bile flow and secretion
C) Protein synthesis
D) Lipid oxidation

A

B

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9
Q

The liver plays a crucial role in ammonia detoxification by converting ammonia to:
A) Glucose
B) Uric acid
C) Urea
D) Creatinine

A

C

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10
Q

A patient with severe hepatic fibrosis would most likely exhibit:
A) Hyperalbuminemia
B) Decreased clotting factor synthesis
C) Elevated serum glucose
D) Increased muscle mass

A

B

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11
Q

The primary precursor for bile acid synthesis is:
A) Cholesterol
B) Acetyl-CoA
C) Glucose
D) Amino acids

A

A

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12
Q

The enzyme responsible for the conjugation of bilirubin in the liver is:
A) Glutathione peroxidase
B) Bilirubin glucuronyltransferase
C) Superoxide dismutase
D) Cytochrome P450

A

B

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13
Q

A cat with hepatic lipidosis may present with:
A) Anorexia and weight loss
B) Hyperactivity and increased appetite
C) Increased muscle mass
D) Hyperglycemia and polyuria

A

A

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14
Q

Which of the following is a key sign of cholestasis in veterinary patients?
A) Hypoglycemia
B) Hyperbilirubinemia
C) Hyponatremia
D) Hyperkalemia

A

B

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15
Q

The liver’s role in lipid metabolism includes:
A) Synthesis of ketone bodies during fasting
B) Breakdown of bile acids
C) Production of glucagon
D) Storage of fatty acids in adipocytes

A

A

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16
Q

In hepatic necrosis, which of the following liver enzymes would most likely be elevated?
A) ALP (alkaline phosphatase)
B) GGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase)
C) AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
D) Creatine kinase

A

C

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17
Q

Which vitamin is essential for normal liver function and fat metabolism?
A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin D
C) Vitamin K
D) Vitamin E

A

C

18
Q

During severe liver dysfunction, the accumulation of ammonia can lead to:
A) Respiratory alkalosis
B) Metabolic acidosis
C) Neurological symptoms due to hepatic encephalopathy
D) Hyperglycemia

A

C

19
Q

A deficiency in bile acid production would most likely result in:
A) Increased fat absorption
B) Steatorrhea (fatty stools)
C) Hypercalcemia
D) Increased protein breakdown

A

B

20
Q

In hepatic biotransformation, Phase II reactions involve:
A) Oxidation and reduction
B) Conjugation with glucuronic acid
C) Hydrolysis of triglycerides
D) Deamination of amino acids

A

B

21
Q

The liver synthesizes most plasma proteins, including:
A) Hemoglobin
B) Albumin
C) Collagen
D) Myoglobin

A

B

22
Q

Which of the following best describes the role of the liver in glucose homeostasis during fasting?
A) It inhibits gluconeogenesis
B) It releases insulin to lower blood glucose
C) It performs glycogenolysis to increase blood glucose
D) It converts glucose to fat for storage

A

C

23
Q

A dog presents with pale mucous membranes and icterus. Blood tests show high ALT and AST levels. The most likely diagnosis is:
A) Renal failure
B) Anemia
C) Hepatic injury or liver disease
D) Hypoadrenocorticism

A

C

24
Q

In a patient with hepatic cirrhosis, portal hypertension is caused by:
A) Decreased bile production
B) Obstruction of blood flow through the liver
C) Increased insulin sensitivity
D) Enhanced protein synthesis

A

B

25
Q

Which enzyme is primarily involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species in the liver?
A) Glutathione peroxidase
B) Lactate dehydrogenase
C) Amylase
D) Creatine kinase

A

A

26
Q

A high serum ALP (alkaline phosphatase) level in a dog can indicate:
A) Pancreatitis
B) Osteoporosis
C) Cholestasis or bile duct obstruction
D) Hyperthyroidism

A

C

27
Q

Which of the following is a key symptom of acute liver failure?
A) Polyuria and polydipsia
B) Hyperglycemia
C) Coagulopathy and bleeding tendencies
D) Increased muscle mass

A

C

28
Q

A cat with hepatic lipidosis is likely to have elevated levels of:
A) Bilirubin and ALT
B) Creatinine and BUN
C) Amylase and lipase
D) Calcium and phosphorus

A

A

29
Q

The role of bile acids in fat digestion is to:
A) Hydrolyze triglycerides into free fatty acids
B) Activate pancreatic amylase
C) Emulsify dietary fats for absorption
D) Inhibit the secretion of digestive enzymes

A

C

30
Q

Which vitamin deficiency is most common in patients with chronic liver disease?
A) Vitamin C
B) Vitamin K
C) Vitamin B12
D) Vitamin E

A

B

31
Q

The clinical presentation of ascites in liver disease is primarily due to:
A) Hypercalcemia
B) Decreased synthesis of albumin
C) Increased red blood cell production
D) Excessive bile acid secretion

A

B

32
Q

A real-life case: A dog is brought in after ingesting a toxic substance. Which liver function test would be most useful to assess acute hepatotoxicity?
A) Serum glucose
B) ALT (alanine aminotransferase)
C) Serum calcium
D) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

B

33
Q

Which of the following is a function of Kupffer cells in the liver?
A) Protein synthesis
B) Storage of vitamin A
C) Phagocytosis of pathogens and debris
D) Secretion of insulin

A

C

34
Q

In hepatic encephalopathy, the neurological symptoms are primarily due to:
A) Hypercalcemia
B) High levels of ammonia
C) Decreased bilirubin production
D) Hyperglycemia

A

B

35
Q

The enzyme responsible for the conjugation of bile acids in the liver is:
A) UGT (uridine glucuronyltransferase)
B) AST (aspartate aminotransferase)
C) Glutathione reductase
D) ALP (alkaline phosphatase)

A

A

36
Q

A patient with liver disease may present with steatorrhea due to:
A) Increased bile acid production
B) Impaired fat absorption from decreased bile secretion
C) Increased pancreatic enzyme activity
D) Decreased gluconeogenesis

A

B

37
Q

The synthesis of which clotting factors is impaired in liver disease?
A) Factors II, VII, IX, and X
B) Factors V and VIII only
C) Factor XIII only
D) Fibrinogen and plasminogen only

A

A

38
Q

A dog with portosystemic shunt is likely to exhibit:
A) Hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice
B) Elevated ammonia levels and neurological signs
C) Increased muscle mass and strength
D) Hyperglycemia and increased insulin secretion

A

B

39
Q

The primary role of the liver in cholesterol metabolism is:
A) Breakdown of cholesterol into glucose
B) Synthesis of cholesterol and conversion to bile acids
C) Storage of cholesterol in adipose tissue
D) Secretion of cholesterol into the bloodstream

A

B

40
Q

In patients with cirrhosis, the liver’s inability to detoxify leads to the buildup of toxins such as:
A) Glucose
B) Ammonia
C) Creatinine
D) Uric acid

A

B

2024 Pharmacology (23 decks)

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