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Intro to Pharmacology > Module 2 RQ > Flashcards

Module 2 RQ Flashcards

1
Q

This pathway is under voluntary controlal so known as under conscious control. This network innervates a single motor neuron and skeletal muscle. The neurotransmitter used in this process is Acetylcholine

A

Somatic nervous system

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2
Q

Thebrainstemandspinalcordinnervateallthetissuesinthebodyincludingvisceral
organs, except for skeletal muscle. These tissues/muscles are under Involuntary control. The neurotransmitters used from the preganglionic is Acetylcholine and those released from the postganglionic are Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, or neuropeptides.

A

Autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

Dividedintosympatheticandparasympatheticnervoussystem.Innervationcomes from the thoracolumbar or craniospinal segments of the CNS.

A

Autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

Commonly referred to as rest and digest, this mechanism helps with maintaining normal heart rate, Gastrointestinal

A

PNS

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5
Q

Commonly referred to as fight or flight, this is action can increase blood pressure, blood glucose and awareness of surroundings

A

SNS

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6
Q

What is the central nervous system? What is it comprised of?

A

The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for collecting information from sensory nerves (efferent), processing and organizing the information, and responding with a motor output (afferent)

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7
Q

Define Efferent

A

refers to carrying of the action potential from the central nervous system to
synapses for further action. This would be a motor reflex or action due to the AP moving towards the effector organs to produce a movement.

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8
Q

Define Somatic Efferent

A

The action potential moves from the CNS to skeletal muscle.

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9
Q

Define Visceral Efferent

A

The action potential moves from the CNS to cardiac and
smooth muscle or exocrine glands.

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10
Q

Define Afferent

A

refers to the carrying of action potentials towards the central nervous system
from peripheral sensory receptors. This would be touching something hot, and the sensation would travel towards the CNS and await a response.

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11
Q

Define Somatic Afferent

A

This sensory affect moves the action potential from the skin or retina towards the CNS.

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12
Q

Define Visceral Afferent

A

This sensory effects or autonomic effect moves the action potential from the thoracic and abdominal organs, olfactory epithelium, and taste buds towards the CNS.

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13
Q

What is cranial nerve 3 and are they sensory, motor, or both?

A

Oculomotor
motor

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14
Q

What is cranial nerve 7 and are they sensory, motor, or both?

A

Facial Nerve
sensory and motor

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15
Q

What is cranial nerve 9 and are they sensory, motor, or both?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve
sensory and motor

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16
Q

What is cranial nerve 10 and are they sensory, motor, or both?

A

Vagus nerve
sensory and motor

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17
Q

What is the ANS target tissue that receives only one projection neuron from the ANS?

A

The adrenal medulla is the only organ that is a one projection neuron and acts as a second projection neuron. The preganglionic chain releases Ach that acts as nicotinic receptor onto the adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla then releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood circulation

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18
Q

What is the paravertebral ganglionic chain?

A

Bilateral sympathetic chain extending from the skull to the pelvis. It is divided into cervical,
thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions along the vertebral column

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19
Q

What is defined as a grouping of nerve cells in the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system.

  • Cranial: neurons for the cranial nerves
  • Dorsal root ganglion / Spinal ganglia: Sensory or afferent nerves
  • Autonomic ganglia: nerves from the CNS to preganglionic fibers then postganglionic fibers
    act on effector organs
A

Ganglion

20
Q

What nervous system can function with or without input from central nervous system. Functions include gastrointestinal tract innervation, blood flow regulation, and immune defense. Contains sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia. Intrinsic primary afferent neurons, motor neurons and interneurons are a few examples used in the ENS

A

Enteric Nervous System

21
Q

What are/where they located the myenteric plexuses of the ENS?

A

is in the between the outer longitudinal smooth muscle and circular smooth muscles of the intestines, esophagus, and stomach. This is important because it helps regulate and control gastrointestinal motility along the GI tract.

22
Q

What are/where they located the submucosal plexuses of the ENS?

A

is located between the circular smooth muscle and mucosa along the esophagus to the rectum. This is important for blood flow and regulating digestive secretions.

23
Q

What is as an endogenous vasodilator due to physiological changes. This can cause vascular smooth muscle to contract as it acts like Nitric Oxide (NO) dependent upon calcium-calmodulin interaction. EDFR also inhibits adhesion of platelets to prevent blood aggregation and serves as a secondary messenger for GMP

A

Endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDFR)

24
Q

What is the principal neurotransmitter released from the fist projection neuron (preganglionic) in both branches of the ANS?

A

Acetylcholine

25
Q

What is the predominate neurotransmitter released from the second projection neuron (postganglionic) in both branches of the ANS?

A

Norepinephrine

26
Q

What is the principle divalent cation, whose involvement in neurotransmitter release from nerve terminals is essential?

A

Calcium is responsible for the release of neurotransmitters from the nerve terminals

27
Q

Acetyl-CoA and choline are transformed into Acetylcholine by why enzyme

A

Choline Acetyltransferase (ch-1)

28
Q

When you are going to break down Acetylcholine, we use the enzyme __________ to produce acetate and choline

A

Acetylcholinesterase

29
Q

Agent ________ blocks acetylcholine uptake into secretory vesicles causing a
decrease in neurotransmitters to be released.

A

Vesamicol

30
Q

What toxin causes irreversible blocking of acetylcholine release while toxins
from ticks cause reversible blocking of acetylcholine. Overall, causing a problem in vesicle
fusion of Ach.

A

Botulinum

31
Q

Overall this step deals with problems in postsynaptic binding. _________ ______
neurotransmission at nicotinic neuromuscular junction. Atropine, mostly mentioned in class blocks neurotransmission at the effector organs such as cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands that have a muscarinic receptor.

A

Tubocuraine blocks

32
Q

__________ agent uses acetylcholinesterase to break down Ach resulting in prolong response.

A

Neostigmine

33
Q

Agent ___________ blocks uptake of choline in the presynaptic nerve ending which affects uptake of choline which can be used to make acetylcholine or a byproduct of acetylcholine to cause an effect where it’s needed.

A

Hemicholunium

34
Q

What is flaccid paralysis

A

occurs when there is not enough stimulus, or the muscle cells are not stimulated at all leading to no contraction.

35
Q

What is Spastic paralysis

A

is when the muscle cell is overstimulated and has no time to relax, meaning its constantly contracting leading to fatigue.

36
Q

What is this an example of?

AnexampleofthisisBotulinumtoxin.Thistoxinblocksthereleaseofacetylcholine from the presynaptic terminals. So when people get Botox that has this toxin it blocks Ach release so therefore no muscle movement

A

Flaccid Paralysis

37
Q

What is this an example of?

AnexampleofthisisAcetylcholinesteraseinhibitedcausingalargecollectionof acetylcholine at the synaptic cleft. Ach receptors will always have ACh attached so no relaxation is possible.

A

Spastic Paralysis

38
Q

Is this nondepolarizing or depolarizing

Peripheral muscle relaxants that bind to nicotinic receptors at the motor
endplates and to cholinergic receptors at the neuromuscular junction, inhibiting neuromuscular transmission of Acetylcholine. Neuromuscular blocks can be reversed using acetylcholinerases. These agents can be used to help patients after surgery with muscle relaxation.

A

Non-depolarizing

39
Q

Is this nondepolarizing or depolarizing

Peripheral muscle relaxants that are agonists at the nicotinic receptors in the
neuromuscular junction, causing muscle paralysis from electrical activity in motor endplate ceasing (electrical activity is lost). This is due to a slow breakdown of the receptor ligand complex leading to depolarization of the membrane. Neuromuscular blocks can NOT be reversed using acetylcholinerases, but they are short lived as circulating pseudocholinesterase’s release suxamethonium to break down or regulate depolarizing agents.

A

Depolarizing

40
Q

This is a medication used to activate the PNS (parasympathetic nervous system) by modifying or acting like Acetylcholine and the effects on effector organs. Direct acting agonist has muscarinic receptors and indirect agonist use ACh inhibitors. For example, direct agonist activates muscarinic ACh receptors while indirect agonist increases levels of Ach in the presynaptic cleft by inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase.

A

Parasympathomimetic

41
Q

These have an affinity for all muscarinic receptors, which may lead to more or worse adverse effects from drugs. Meaning that although these drugs have an affinity for M1 to M5 and selective has for example affinity for M1 and M3, that allows us to give a drug that we know where it will be acting or what it is acting on to change or fix the problem. Whereas if we have a large affinity, we may affect something that did not need to be changed and cause more harm in the end.

A

Non-selective muscarinic receptors

42
Q

What is the adaptive significance of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic clefts

A

Significance: break down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft and prevent ACh moving to other
receptors, which allow for relaxation of the muscle and to prevent extreme stimulation of the
muscle which could lead to tetany

43
Q

What is the structurally and functionally similar derivative circulating in the blood stream (in small concentrations)?

A

AchE in the blood and synaptic cleft share a similar structure, but in the blood, it is used for
breaking down Ach like in the synaptic cleft. Helps with sleep cycle, blood flow, learning and
memory

44
Q

What is MAO?

A

MOA: Enzyme that is expressed in high amount in the neuronal tissue that attaches to mitochondrial membranes but can also be found in lower amounts in all cells in the body. Important in termination of noradrenergic transmission in the brain. MAOA breaks down norepinephrine and epinephrine, while MAOB breaks down dopamine.

45
Q

What is a MAO inhibitor

A

MAO inhibitor such as MAOB inhibitor can treat behavioral disorders and treatment of pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism.

Intro to Pharmacology (27 decks)

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