Module 4 RQ questions Flashcards
What is the adaptive significance of aquaporin channels?
Aquaporins are small membranes integrated into the cell wall found in cells throughout animals and plants. They are important for transporting water and glycerol, but some research shows that they may pass gases such as CO2, NH3, NO, and O2. For example, the kidneys secrete bodily fluids, which require more aquaporins than other cells. Overall, they are used for short—and long-term water balance.
These capillaries move blood, fluids, and waste into the bloodstream.
Larger holes in these capillaries allow large molecules and proteins to pass through them. For example, these capillaries are important for filtering the blood, creating urine, and reabsorbing ions and nutrients.
Capillary fenestrations
defined as glomerulonephritis, which means inflammation of and damage to the glomeruli. Glomeruli are important for removing waste from the blood, so when these are inflamed or damaged, we have more waste traveling in the blood. This disease may lead to secondary issues such as proteinuria, hematuria, and hypertension.
inflammatory glomerular disease
This is defined as a kidney infection. Bacteria is found in the urethra, which is also the place where urine leaves, so pain occurs with this issue. If this disease is not treated, then secondary issues such as kidney damage or sepsis could occur.
- Nephropathy: This is a disease where the kidney function starts to break down or does not work as it should. Other terms for this are kidney failure or end-stage renal disease.
Pyelonephritis
This may also be called secondary hyperthyroidism. In this disease, the body will produce and release excess PTH (parathyroid hormone). This is caused by other conditions in the body instead of the kidney itself.
Secondary renal disease
Describe why damage to the glycocalyx, secondary to bacteremia, may increase Jvol. What is the best index (which variable?) of an intact glycocalyx to Starling’s Forces?
The glycocalyx can be found on endothelial cells extending into the vascular lumen. Endothelial glycocalyx is important for vascular permeability, inflammation, and coagulation of blood. When there is damage to these cells, there is an increase in permeability, which allows for fluid flow to become faster and for blood movement from the bloodstream to the interstitial. When there is bacteremia, it causes an increase in inflammation, leading to the destruction or irregular regulation of glycocalyx cells. Lastly, starlings’ forces and the movement of fluids and solutes across capillary membranes. When these cells are damaged, oncotic pressure can decrease, which also allows for an increase in blood flow; when glycocalyx is thicker/ thinner or more/less dense, that can be a major determinant or best index of these cell’s job.
oReleasedinresponsetoatrialstretchfromhypertension.
o Peptidehormone
oSynthesizedandsecretedintherightatriaoftheheart.
oANPactsonthekidneys,bloodvessels,andadrenalglands.
oPromotesandregulatesbloodpressureandvolumebydecreasingtheamountof
water and salt inside the body. Overall inhibiting the RAAS system and causes
vasodilation.
Atrial naturetic peptide
oReleasedinresponsetodecreasedbloodpressureorvolume.
o Peptidehormone
oAVPactsonorganssuchasthekidneys,bloodvessels,andbrain.
oPromoteswaterreabsorptioninthekidney,increasesbloodpressureviavasodilation,
and involved in behavior, stress, and anxiety in the brain.
Arginine vasopressin
Outline the major steps in RAAS activation and then describe, in detail, (1) What is aldosterone and (2) How aldosterone influences intravascular volume?
Major steps in the RAAS system: First, this is a regulation system of blood volume, electrolyte
balance, and systemic vascular resistance. This is a long-term (chronic) and acute response mechanism to get arterial pressure back to normal or increase from where it decreased below normal.
a. First, the stimulation of renin due to low blood pressure in the kidneys and activation of
the sympathetic nervous system, which releases renin.
b. Now that renin is stimulated, it is released by the kidneys into the bloodstream.
c. Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin I by circulating renin.
d. Angiotensin 1 is converted into angiotensin 2 by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
which is released by the lungs.
e. Angiotensin II then acts to cause vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, and ADH
secretion.
What is used to increase sodium and water reabsorption, which increases blood volume
and overall blood pressure. This is because reabsorption and water retention in the kidneys contributes to better fluid balance and blood pressure regulation.
Aldesterone
What is the drug?
a. Loop diuretic
b. Acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of water and decrease the amount of
water lost from the body. Inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter in the thick ascending
limb of the loop of Henle, causing Na+, Cl-, and K+ to be excreted from the body.
c. Treat hypertension, edema, congestive heart failure, and kidney disease.
d. Furosemide increases renal blood flow and blood pressure by decreasing the amount
of accumulating fluid.
Furosemide
What is the drug?
Loop diuretic
b. Inhibits the Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of
Henle by preventing the reabsorption of ions such as sodium, potassium, and
chloride.
c. Torsemide can be given to manage conditions such as edema, heart failure, and
kidney disease.
d. This medication can be used to decrease plasma (blood) volume in patients with
hypertension. This medication is helpful due to a longer half-life and overall lasting
longer in the body for chronic effects.
e. Its effects help increase the total volume of urine output, which decreases blood
volume and fluid accumulation.
toresemide
What is the drug?
a. ACE inhibitor
b. MOA is vasoconstrictor and aldosterone secretion mechanism. This causes water and
sodium to be released instead of being reabsorbed causing blood pressure and fluid
accumulation to decrease, which can be important for animals with heart failure.
c. This medication can be used in animals with congestive heart failure, hypertension,
and kidney disease.
Enalapril
What is the drug?
a. ACE inhibitor
b. MOA is vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion, which can lead to vasodilation of
blood vessels and excretion of sodium and water to prevent retention of these ions.
c. This medication can be used in animals with congestive heart failure, hypertension,
and kidney disease.
d. A decrease in Aldosterone allows for less sodium and water to be reabsorbed which
decreases fluid volume and blood volume and less stress on the blood vessels, which
then allows blood vessels to be dilated and remove more ions.
benzapril
What is the drug?
a. Thiazide diuretic
b. Inhibits the Na+/Cl- co-transporter in the distal convoluted tubule of the loop of
Henle. This decreases the amount of sodium and chloride reabsorption and more of
these ions leaving the body, overall decreasing the total fluid accumulation and fluid
pressure.
c. This medication can treat animals with heart failure, hypertension, and edema. d. This is important for animals with heart failure because when this medication is
given excretion of ions increases and workload of the heart decreases. When blood
volume decreases and the hearts work decrease blood pressure decreases.
Hydrochlorothizaide
