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Intro to Pharmacology > Module 3: Lecture > Flashcards

Module 3: Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What does preload refer to in cardiac physiology?
a) The force of contraction of the heart
b) The amount of blood returning to the heart
c) The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood
d) The elasticity of blood vessels

A

B

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2
Q

Which of the following factors directly affects afterload?
a) Venous return
b) Heart rate
c) Vascular resistance
d) Preload

A

C

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3
Q

What is inotropy?
a) The rate of heart contraction
b) The force of heart contraction
c) The relaxation phase of the heart
d) The electrical conduction in the heart

A

B

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4
Q

Which of the following represents chronotropy?
a) Force of contraction
b) Relaxation of the heart
c) Heart rate
d) Blood pressure

A

C

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5
Q

What is the function of dromotropy?
a) Regulating the heart rate
b) Regulating the conduction speed of electrical impulses in the heart
c) Controlling blood pressure
d) Increasing venous return

A

B

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6
Q

Lusitropy refers to:
a) Heart rate
b) Contractility
c) The relaxation of the heart
d) Afterload

A

C

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7
Q

What is the primary factor influencing preload?
a) Venous return
b) Arterial resistance
c) Heart rate
d) Blood viscosity

A

A

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8
Q

Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting afterload?
a) Vascular resistance
b) Aortic pressure
c) Blood volume
d) Arterial elasticity

A

C

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9
Q

What is the significance of elastic reservoirs in the arteries?
a) They store blood for immediate use
b) They attenuate pressure pulses
c) They decrease blood flow resistance
d) They act as capacitance vessels

A

B

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10
Q

How is cardiac output (CO) calculated?
a) CO = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume
b) CO = Stroke Volume ÷ Vascular Resistance
c) CO = Heart Rate ÷ Preload
d) CO = Vascular Resistance × Afterload

A

A

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11
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) can be calculated using:
a) MAP = Diastolic pressure + 1/3(Systolic – Diastolic pressure)
b) MAP = Systolic pressure + Diastolic pressure ÷ 2
c) MAP = Stroke volume × Vascular resistance
d) MAP = Preload + Afterload

A

A

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12
Q

What is the typical value for mean arterial pressure (MAP) in healthy animals?
a) 60 mmHg
b) 95 mmHg
c) 120 mmHg
d) 150 mmHg

A

B

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13
Q

Which system primarily controls peripheral vascular resistance?
a) Parasympathetic nervous system
b) Sympathetic nervous system
c) Endocrine system
d) Enteric nervous system

A

B

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14
Q

What is the role of autoregulation in blood flow?
a) It maintains constant blood flow regardless of pressure changes
b) It increases blood pressure when blood volume decreases
c) It controls heart rate
d) It adjusts vascular resistance based on heart rate

A

A

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15
Q

Vascular smooth muscle contraction is primarily mediated by an increase in which ion?
a) Sodium
b) Potassium
c) Calcium
d) Chloride

A

C

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16
Q

Which molecule promotes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle?
a) Calcium
b) Nitric oxide
c) IP3
d) Potassium

A

B

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17
Q

What is the effect of increased cAMP levels in vascular smooth muscle?
a) Contraction of smooth muscle
b) Relaxation of smooth muscle
c) Increased blood viscosity
d) Increased heart rate

A

B

18
Q

What is the primary function of nitric oxide (NO) in the vasculature?
a) Increase vascular tone
b) Induce vasodilation
c) Increase blood pressure
d) Activate platelets

A

B

19
Q

Which reflex is responsible for rapid adjustments in blood pressure?
a) Baroreceptor reflex
b) Chemoreceptor reflex
c) Pulmonary stretch reflex
d) Bainbridge reflex

A

A

20
Q

Which factor is an intrinsic regulator of blood flow?
a) Sympathetic nerves
b) Hormones
c) Tissue metabolites
d) Adrenaline

A

C

21
Q

The equation Q = (P1-P2)/R represents:
a) Cardiac output
b) Vascular resistance
c) Blood flow
d) Mean arterial pressure

A

C

22
Q

What happens to vascular resistance when blood viscosity increases?
a) It decreases
b) It remains unchanged
c) It increases
d) It fluctuates

A

C

23
Q

Which factor does NOT influence vascular resistance?
a) Blood vessel radius
b) Blood viscosity
c) Heart rate
d) Vascular length

A

C

24
Q

What is the physiological result of increasing preload?
a) Decreased heart rate
b) Increased stroke volume
c) Decreased cardiac output
d) Increased afterload

A

B

25
Q

Which mechanism is primarily responsible for regulating blood pressure over the long term?
a) Neural reflexes
b) Renal regulation of blood volume
c) Baroreceptors
d) Vascular tone

A

B

26
Q

What is the primary effect of β1-adrenergic receptor activation on the heart?
a) Decreased heart rate
b) Increased heart rate and contractility
c) Vasoconstriction
d) Vasodilation

A

B

27
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic nerves to increase heart rate?
a) Acetylcholine
b) Norepinephrine
c) Dopamine
d) Serotonin

A

B

28
Q

Which factor increases afterload?
a) Decreased systemic vascular resistance
b) Increased aortic pressure
c) Increased venous return
d) Increased stroke volume

A

B

29
Q

How does increased venous return affect cardiac output?
a) It decreases cardiac output
b) It increases cardiac output
c) It has no effect on cardiac output
d) It only affects heart rate

A

B

30
Q

Which molecule is responsible for the breakdown of cGMP in vascular smooth muscle?
a) Adenylate cyclase
b) Phosphodiesterase
c) Calcium channels
d) Nitric oxide

A

B

31
Q

What does an increase in [Ca++]i result in within vascular smooth muscle cells?
a) Vasodilation
b) Vasoconstriction
c) Decreased blood pressure
d) Decreased heart rate

A

B

32
Q

Which receptor type primarily mediates vasoconstriction in blood vessels?
a) β1-adrenergic receptors
b) α1-adrenergic receptors
c) β2-adrenergic receptors
d) Muscarinic receptors

A

B

33
Q

Which of the following drugs would most likely decrease afterload?
a) Norepinephrine
b) A vasodilator
c) A β1-adrenergic agonist
d) A calcium channel blocker

A

B

34
Q

The Frank-Starling mechanism relates to:
a) The relationship between heart rate and cardiac output
b) The relationship between preload and stroke volume
c) The relationship between afterload and vascular resistance
d) The relationship between blood pressure and heart rate

A

B

35
Q

Which of the following contributes to the generation of arterial pressure?
a) Afterload
b) Preload
c) Contractility
d) Stroke volume

A

D

36
Q

How does an increase in heart rate affect diastolic filling time?
a) Increases it
b) Decreases it
c) Has no effect
d) Depends on stroke volume

A

B

37
Q

What is the main determinant of vascular tone?
a) Heart rate
b) Venous return
c) Sympathetic nervous system activity
d) Parasympathetic nervous system activity

A

C

38
Q

Which of the following factors contributes to increased venous return?
a) Decreased blood volume
b) Increased heart rate
c) Increased blood volume
d) Vasodilation of arteries

A

C

39
Q

How does the activation of α2-adrenergic receptors affect blood vessels?
a) Vasoconstriction
b) Vasodilation
c) Increased heart rate
d) Decreased contractility

A

A

40
Q

Which factor primarily influences the contractile force of the heart (inotropy)?
a) Venous return
b) Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
c) Parasympathetic nervous system stimulation
d) Heart rate

A

B

Intro to Pharmacology (27 decks)

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