Exam 3: Module 6: Pulmonary stuff you should know

Question 1

Define pulmonary ventilation

Answer 1

the process of moving air in and out of the lungs - allowing for gas exchange

Question 2

What gasses are exchanged in pulmonary ventilation

Answer 2

The intake of xygen and removal of carbon dioxide

Question 3

What part of the brain is responsible for the control and responds to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen and pH levels

Answer 3

respiratory center in the brainstem

Question 4

Does the ANS or CNS play a role in modulating airway diameter and lung capacity

Answer 4

Autonomic nervous system

Question 5

What receptors play a significant role in modulating airway diameter and lung capacity in pulmonary ventilation

Answer 5

beta-adrenergic

Question 6

What drug class causes relaxation of bronical smooth muscles, leading to increased air flow and enchanced ventilation

Answer 6

Bronchodilators: Beta-2 agonist

Question 7

What drug class is useful for asthma and bronchioconstriction in animals

Answer 7

beta-2 agonist

Question 8

What try of drugs can suppress the respiratory center in the brain, reducing the rate and depth of ventilation? This is important when giving anesthetics during procedures

Answer 8

respiratory depresents
- opoids
- sedatives

Question 9

What type of agents help in clearing mucous, which improves ventilation by increasing air movement through the bronchial passages

Answer 9

mucolytics and expectorants

Question 10

Are alpha and beta adrenergic receptors part of the SNS or PNS

Answer 10

SNS

Question 11

What receptor is important for
- increasing HR
- increasing contractility of heart
- increasing AV node conduction of the heart

Answer 11

B1

Question 12

What receptor is important for
- decrease HR
- decreasing contractatility of the heart
- decreasing AV node conduction

Answer 12

M2

Question 13

What receptor is important for
- constriction of blood vessels in the skin and splanic

Answer 13

A1

Question 14

What receptor is important for
- dilates blood vesses in skeletal muscle

Answer 14

B2

Question 15

What receptor is important for
- relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles = increasing airflow

Answer 15

B2

this is an example of bronchodilation

Question 16

What is defined as the ability of the lungs to expand in respone to changes in pressure?

Answer 16

pulmonary compliance

Question 17

What is defined as a measure of the lungs elastility and distensibility

Answer 17

pulmonary compliance

Question 18

High or low compliance of the lungs:

• lungs are able to expand easily

Answer 18

high

Question 19

High or low compliance of the lungs:

• lungs expand easily, but they may not recoil efficiently, leading to poor gas excahnge

Answer 19

high

Question 20

High or low compliance of the lungs:

• lungs are stiffer or difficult to expand

Answer 20

low

Question 21

High or low compliance of the lungs:

• requires more effort for ventilation

Answer 21

low

Question 22

High or low compliance of the lungs:

• emphysema

Answer 22

high

Question 23

High or low compliance of the lungs:

• pulmonary fibrosis
• pulmonary edema

Answer 23

low

Question 24

What drug class is important for improving lung compliance by reducing airway resistance = allowing for better airflow

Answer 24

Beta-2 agonist

bronchiodilators

Question 25

What drug class is important for reducing inflammation and edema, increasing lung complaiance

Answer 25

anti-inflammatory drugs
- Ex: corticosteroids

Question 26

What drug class can decrease lung compliance by depressing respiratory muscles and reducing lung expansion capacity

Answer 26

Anesthetics and sedatives

Question 27

What is defined as the flexability of the thoracic cavity, including the muscles, ribs, and diaphragm to expand and contract during breathing

Answer 27

chest wall compliance

Question 28

In young, healthy animals is chest wall compliance normally high or low

Answer 28

high

Question 29

In older, obese distressed or obstructed animals is chest wall compliance high or low

Answer 29

low
- reduce chest wall compliance which makes it harder to breath

Question 30

______ is a critical substance produced in the lungs that plays a vital role in maintaining proper respiratory function in animals

Answer 30

surfactant

Question 31

Is surfactant secreted by type I or type II alveolar cells

Answer 31

type II alveolar cells in the lungs

Question 32

What is the primary function of surfacts related to surface tension

Answer 32

reduce surface tension

• preventing alveolar collapse during exhalation

Question 33

Lowering surface tension, surfactant prevents the alveoli from collapsing, particularly during the expiratory phase of breathing. This makes it easier for the lungs to expand during inhalation (improving or decreasing) lung compliance

Answer 33

improving

Question 34

_________ stabilizes the alveoli, ensuring they remain open and capable of efficient gas exchange, even at low lung volumes

Answer 34

surfactant

Question 35

Does surfactant improve or reduce gas exchange?

Answer 35

improve

• By maintaining alveolar stability, surfactant optimizes the surface area available for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

Question 36

Conditions like pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and pulmonary edema can disrupt surfactant production or function, leading to (increased or decrease) in surface tension, reduced lung compliance, and impaired gas exchange

Answer 36

increase

Question 37

During prolonged anesthesia, the animal’s position and the effects of certain anesthetic drugs can lead to what issues?

Answer 37

atelectasis

(collpase of alveoli)

Question 38

What drug class Can enhance endogenous surfactant production by stimulating type II alveolar cells

Answer 38

corticosteriods

Question 39

What drug class Indirectly improve surfactant function by reducing airway resistance and improving alveolar ventilation

Answer 39

Beta-2 agonists

• Bronchiodilators

Question 40

What refers to an imbalance between ventilation (V) — the air reaching the alveoli — and perfusion (Q) — the blood reaching the alveoli via the pulmonary capillaries.

Answer 40

V/Q mismatch

Question 41

What is the ideal V/Q ratio in healthy animals - meaning the amount of air reaching the alveoli is closely matched by the amount of blood flow, leading to efficient gas exchange

Answer 41

0.8 to 1.0

Question 42

Low or High V/Q mismatch:

• reduced ventilation related to perfusion
• blood flows through the lungs without being properly oxygenated ecause alveoli are either collpased or filled with fluids/debris

Answer 42

low

Question 43

Low or High V/Q mismatch:

• pneumonia: alveoli filled with inflammatory exudate impairs function

Answer 43

low

Question 44

Low or High V/Q mismatch:
- plumonary edema: fluid accumulation in the alveoli reduces air entry

Answer 44

low

Question 45

Low or High V/Q mismatch:
- atelectasis: collapsed alveoli due to prolonged recumbency during anesthesia

Answer 45

low

Question 46

What drug class is important for:

• improve airflow by relaxing bronchial muscles

Answer 46

bronchiodilators
- EX: albuterol

Question 47

What drug class is important for:

• reduce pulonary edema by decreasing overload on the heart

Answer 47

Diuretics
- EX: furosemide

Question 48

What drug class is important for:

• decrease inflammation and restore normal alveolar function

Answer 48

Anti-inflammatories
- EX: corticosteroid

Question 49

Low or High V/Q mismatch:

• occurs when there is a reduced perfusion relative to ventilation

Answer 49

high

Question 50

What space is known for reaching the alveoli, but insufficient blood flow for effective gas exchnage

Answer 50

dead space

Question 51

Low or High V/Q mismatch:

• pulmonary embolism: obstruction of pulmonary arteries reducing blood fow to well ventilated alveoli

Answer 51

high

Question 52

Low or High V/Q mismatch:

• hypovolemia / shock: reduced cardiac decreases pulmonary blood flow

Answer 52

high

Question 53

Low or High V/Q mismatch:

During anesthesia, animals often experience changes in body position and muscle relaxation, leading to atelectasis (collapsed alveoli)

Answer 53

low

Question 54

Diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in horses, asthma in cats, or pneumonia in dogs can cause significant V/Q mismatch, resulting in what disease?

Answer 54

hypoxemia
- low blood oxygen levels

Question 55

V/Q mismatch is often suspected when there is _________ (low arterial oxygen levels) that does not respond well to oxygen therapy alone.

Answer 55

hypoxemia

Question 56

What type of phamacological managemt in V/Q mismatch is known as:

• mechanical support to keep alvoli open and enhance gas exchange

Answer 56

positive pressure ventilation

Question 57

What type of phamacological managemt in V/Q mismatch is known as:

• decrease pulmonary congestion and edema, improving ventilation

Answer 57

Diuretics

Question 58

What type of phamacological managemt in V/Q mismatch is known as:

• reduce inflammtion in the airways, improving airflow and gas exchange

Answer 58

anti-inflammatory drugs

Question 59

What type of phamacological managemt in V/Q mismatch is known as:

• increases the amount of oxygen available for gas exchnage, helping to overcome hypoxemia

Answer 59

oxygen therapy

Question 60

What type of phamacological managemt in V/Q mismatch is known as:

• improve ventilation by relaxing smooth muscle

Answer 60

Bronchiodilators
- Beta-2 agonist

Question 61

_______ is defined as difficult, labored, or uncomfortable breathing

Answer 61

dyspnea

Question 62

_________ occurs when there is a mismatch between the animal’s respiratory effort and the actual airflow or oxygen delivery to the tissues

Answer 62

Dyspnea

Question 63

What are some clinical presentation of Dyspnea in animals

Answer 63

• open mouth breathing
• increased respiratory rate (tachypnea)
• nostril flaring
• cyanosis - changing of gum color
• orthopnea- difficulty breathing

Question 64

What drug class is used for:

May be used with caution to provide sedation and analgesia while reducing anxiety and respiratory effort.

Answer 64

Alpha-2 agonist

Question 65

What are some differential diagnosis that should be done when thinking of dsypnea

Answer 65

• Physical exam
• radiography
• blood gas analysis
• echocardiography

Question 66

______ refers to the partial or complete collapse of a lung or a segment of the lung, leading to a reduction in gas exchange

Answer 66

atelectasis

Question 67

__________ occurs when the alveoli (air sacs) become deflated or filled with fluid, preventing them from participating in effective gas exchange

Answer 67

atelectasis

Question 68

Obstructive or Non-Obstructive Atelectasis?

• mucous plugs
• foreign bodies
• tumors

Answer 68

obstructive

Question 69

Obstructive or Non-Obstructive Atelectasis?

• pleural effusion
• pneumothorax
• masses
• prolonged recumbency

Answer 69

Non-Obstructive

Question 70

Lack of _________, a substance produced by type II alveolar cells, leads to increased surface tension, making alveoli more prone to collapse. This is especially relevant in neonates or animals with severe lung injury.

Answer 70

Surfactant

Question 71

What are some clinical presentaion of animals with Atelectasis?

Answer 71

• tachypnea
• reduced lung sounds
• cyanosis
• dullness on thoracic percussion (lung collapse)

Question 72

_______ may be administered to help break down mucus, aiding in the clearance of secretions that could be causing obstruction.

Answer 72

acetylsteine

Question 73

Complications of Atelectasis can cause hypoxemia, why?

Answer 73

impaired gas exchange

Question 74

Complications of atelectasis can cause what secondary infection

Answer 74

Pneumonia

Question 75

_________ is a condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural space, the area between the lung and the chest wall

Answer 75

pneumothorax

Question 76

This abnormal air collection disrupts the negative pressure normally present in the pleural cavity, leading to partial or complete collapse of the lung. _________ is a life-threatening condition in veterinary patients that requires prompt recognition and intervention.

Answer 76

Pneumothorax

Question 77

What is an example of traumatic pneumothorax

Answer 77

blunt trauma
- hit by car

penetrating
- bit wounds
- fracture of ribs

Question 78

What drug class may be used to calm anxious animals and reduce their respiratory effort, as excessive panting can worsen the pneumothorax

Answer 78

Sedatives

Question 79

What procedure is can be done for a pneumothorax

• The primary emergency intervention to remove air from the pleural space using a needle or catheter, allowing the lung to re-expand.
  This procedure may need to be repeated or followed by the placement of a chest tube in cases of ongoing air leakage.

Answer 79

Thoracocentesis

Question 80

What are some clinical signs of a pneumothorax

Answer 80

• tachypnea
• cyanosis
• reduced lung sounds
• hyperresonance
• distressed posture

Question 81

_________ is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, the area between the lungs and the chest wall

Answer 81

pleural effusion

Question 82

________ can impair normal breathing by restricting lung expansion, leading to respiratory distress. It is a clinical condition encountered across various species, including dogs, cats, horses, and livestock.

Answer 82

Pleural effusion

Question 83

Clinical signs of pleural effusion in animals

Answer 83

• tachypnea
• decreased or absent lung sounds
• muffled heart sounds
• cyanosis
• distressed posture

Question 84

complications of pleural effusion

Answer 84

• respiratory failure
• fibrosis
• re-expansion of pulmonary edema