Module 4 The skeletal system Flashcards
why is the muscle-skeletal system important?
It is important because injuries that cause pain in joints ligaments, muscles, nerves and tendons are structures that provide support the limbs, neck and back, they are the number one cause for workers disability
What are the components of the skeletal system?
- Bones (206)
- cartilages
- ligaments
What are the skeletal system functions?
- support and protection
- movement (levers)
- storage
- produces blood cells
What are bones classified by?
Their shape
What are the different shapes?
Long, flat, shot and irregular and sesamoid
Example of long bones?
tibia
Example of short bone
carpals in the wrist
Example of flat bone
the ribs
example of sesamoid bones
the patella tendon
How many different layers does bone have?
compact and spongy bone
What is the compact bone
The compact bone is the dense outer layer
What is the spongy bone
it is the layer made of small trabeculae
Where are compact bones found?
compact bones are sandwiched between connective tissue membrane
What is the periosteum?
The periosteum covers the outside of the compact bone, made of connective tissue
What is the endosteum?
The endosteum is that layer that covers the inside portion of the compact bone
What is the long bone structure?
The diaphysis: tubular shift and forms long access (the shaft), then the epiphyses, it is the ends of the long bones made up of compact bones, externally and spongey bone internally. Metaphysis (small, between the diaphysis and epiphysis (pic)
What are the different types of markings/openings of bone
crest- narrow ridge tuberosity- large rounded projection epicondyle- raised area tubercle- small round projection trochanter- blunt, larger, irregular line- narrow ridge fossa- narrow depression formen- opening for blood vessels
What is the axial skeleton?
It consists of 80 bones, divided into three major regions: skull, vertebral column, and the thoracic cage
What are the axial skeletonʻs functions?
1) form a longitudinal axis of the body
2) support the head, neck and trunk
3) protect the brain, spinal cord and the thoracic organs
Skullʻs function?
- complex regions of the axial skeleton
- supports and protects the brain and special sense organs
- accommodates the first part of the respiratory snd the digestive systems.
- attachment site for the muscle of head and neck
Cranial bones?
8 cranial bones, 14 bones form the facial skeleton
- protects the back of your brain and supports your head.
- protect the sides of your brain and support your face.
Hyoid bone?
Located at the level of the 3rd ventricle cervical vertebrae
- irregular bone shape
- muscle attachment (tongue above, and larynx below)
What are the 5 major regions of the vertebral column?
1) Cervical- 7
2) Thoracic-12
3) Lumbar- 5
4) Sacrum- 1
5) coccyx- 4 fused bones
The function of the vertebral column?
- provides surface area for muscle attachment
- supports and protects the spinal cord
- supports the upright position in sitting and standing
Does the vertebral column have multiple curvatures
- 2 types
primary (thoracic and sacral), and secondary (cervical and lumbar)
ORDER of vertebral column
Cervical curvature (c1-c7) concave thoracic curvature (T1-T12) convex Lumbar curvature (L1-L5) concave Sacrum curvature convex (5 fused vert) coccyx 4 vert
What are abnormal vertebral curvatures?
scolosis- lateral
kyphosis - dorsal throacic
lordosis- lumbar
Structure of vertebrae the cervical region
Cervical (7)
- small oval body
- large vertebral foramen
- bifid short spinous process
- Atlas (C1) and axes C2
Lumbar (5)
- large oval body
- triangular vertebral foramen
- small transverse process
- the short, flat and spinous process (back muscles)
- Zygapophy seal joints - articular surface alignment more vertical than the cervical region
Sacrum
- 5 fused vertebrae
- articulates with pelvic girdle via the sacroiliac joint
Coccyx
3-5 fused vertebrae
fuse late in adult life
What are the joints of the vertebral column?
They are intervertebral discs, act like a cushion-like pad between vertebrae that acts like shock absorbers, they consist of 2 regions
- Nucleus pulposus ( the inner gelatinous nucleus (elasticity))
- Anulus fibroseus - the outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage (limits the expansion of nucleus fibroseus)
What is the thoracic cage composed of?
- thoracic vertebra posteriorly
- sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly
- ribs laterally (12 pairs)
What are the thoracic cage functions?
- protects vital organs of the thoracic activity
- supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs
- attachment sites for muscles of neck, back, chest and shoulders
Number of true ribs?
1-7
Number of false ribs?
8-12
What is the primary function of the upper perpendicular skeleton?
the primary function of the upper perpendicular skeleton is to position the Hand in space
What is the pectoral girdle function? ( the clavicle and scapula)
the pectoral function is to connect the axial skeleton and provides extra mobility
What is the Glenohumeral joint function?
mobility- combination of the humeral head and the glenoid fossa of the scapula
What is the humerus function?
it is for length - reach/force transfer and muscle attachment
What is the elbow joint function?
It allows the hand to move toward and away from the body
What is the forearm and wrist function?
it’s for length, reach/array of hand positions/force transfer grasp and manipulation
Note
the upper limb often works as an open-chain where the upper extremity moves on the trunk
How many bones are in the upper limbs?
30 bones each, arm- the humerus, forearm - radius and ulna, Hand: 8 carpals (wrist), 5 metacarpals (palm) and 14 phalanges (fingers)
What is the structure of the humerus, radius, Ulna and hand?
ppp
What is the pelvic girdle?
- the coxal bone and sacrum form hop girdle
- 3 bones (ilium, ischium, pubis forms the coxal bone)
Function of the pelvic girdle?
- attaches the lower limbs to te axial skeleton
- transmits weight
- support pelvis organs
- less mobile, but more stable
What are the differences between male and female pelvises?
Male pelvises are more narrow, heart shaped. The female pelvises are wider for childbirth, more oval shape
What do the lower limbs carry?
The lower limbs carry entire weight during standing and movement
- thigh (femur and patella)
- leg (tibia and fibula)
- Foot (7 tarsals - hind foot), (5 metatarsals - mid foot) and 14 phalanges - toes
Label femus, patella, tibia, fibula and foot
ppp
Age-related changes in children and adolescents?
In children and adolescents, there is more formation than reabsorption
In young adults, there are equal amounts of bone formation and reabsorption
In adults, there is more reabsorption and less bone formation
What are osteoblasts?
they are involved in bone formation
What are osteoclasts?
they are involved in bone reabsorption
What are Osteocytes?
they monitor and maintain bone (stress and strain stressors)
What is osteoporosis?
- it is a disease in which bone reabsorption exceeds the deposit, the matrix remains normal but the bone mass declines
- women are at higher risk @80 - 70%
