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BIOM1070 SM 1 > Mod 5 Endocrine system: the hypothalamus and the pituitary > Flashcards

Mod 5 Endocrine system: the hypothalamus and the pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A
  • apart of the brain
  • the link between the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
  • directly regulates the internal environment
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2
Q

What is the pituitary/hypophysis

A
  • to grow under
  • pea-sized, in the bone cavity at the base of the brain
  • connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk: infundibulum
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3
Q

What are the 2 major lobes?

A

Posterior and anterior

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4
Q

What is the posterior lobe?

A

Neutral tissues release neurohormones made in the hypothalamus - storage site ( axonal terminals) - decreased by neurons

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5
Q

What is the anterior lobe?

A

Glandular tissue - makes and releases hormones i.e. true endocrine gland

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6
Q

What does the hypothalamus control? (LABEL)

A

the hypothalamus controls hormone release from the posterior and the anterior pituitary in 2 different ways

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7
Q

What is the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary?

A

2 neurohormones stored in the posterior pituitary release in response to action potentials in the hypothalamus

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8
Q

What are the steps to hormones being produced and stored? (post)

A

1) hypothalamus neurons synthesize oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2) Oxytocin and ADH travel down the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
3) oxytocin and ADH stored in the axon terminals in posterior pituitary gland
4) AP causes the release of oxytocin or ADH into blood

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9
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland do?

A

the posterior pituitary gland store 2 neurohormones and respond to AP

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10
Q

What is ADH?

A

It’s called the anti-diuretic hormone: inhibits urine production/conserves H2O

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11
Q

What does the ADH target?

A

The ADH targets the kidneys (reabsorb water), maintaining homeostasis, less urine produced
- arterioles: vasoconstriction (constriction of blood cells) but only when levels are high (severe blood loss)

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12
Q

What is ADH stimulated by?

A

ADH is stimulated by an increase of blood solute concentration (dehydration) detected by the osmoreceptors (hypothalamic neurons) when dehydrated osmoreceptors transmit excitatory impulses (pain, low blood pressure)

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13
Q

What is ADH inhibited by?

A
  • good hydration, alcohol increase the freq to urinate because alcohol inhibits ADH release. Because the kidneys are hydrated, they no longer have to conserve water, blood solute is low, osmoreceptors stop depolarising the receptors in the hypothalamus
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14
Q

What happens in an ADH imbalance: deficiency?

A

diabetes insipidus

  • intense thirst, high urine output
  • causes the pituitary tumor/externally -caused damage to the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary
  • not serious if the person drinks water to prevent dehydration but can be life-threatening
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15
Q

What happens in an ADH imbalance: Hypersecretion?

A

syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIDAH)
- fluid retention, headache, disorientation due to brain edema (swelling), weight gain, and decrease in blood solute con.
Causes: meningitis and hypothalamic injury, it requires restricting fluids and monitoring blood solutes.

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16
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary - social bonding and sexual reproduction

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17
Q

What does oxytocin target?

A

Oxytocin targets the uterus: stimulates contractions during labour, there is an increase in oxytocin and oxytocin receptors by the end of pregnancy
Oxytocin also targets myoepithelial cells (milk injections by contracting around milk-producing glands)

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18
Q

What is oxytocin’s release stimulates by?

A

release stimulated by the stretching of the cervix and infants suckling at breasts has role in bonding, trust, sexual activity (love hormone)

19
Q

What is the anterior pituitary and what occurs?

A

6 hormones made in the anterior pituitary released in response to other hormones (neurohormones) from the hypothalamus traveling down special blood vessels

20
Q

What are the steps in the hypothalamus in the anterior gland?

A

1) hypothalamic neurons make and secrete ‘releasing’ and inhibiting neurohormones.
2) These neurohormones travel down special blood vessels to “release” or inhibit anterior pituitary hormones
3) anterior pituitary hormones released into the blood
(GH,PRL, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH)

21
Q

what is the growth hormone?

A

Growth hormones (somatotrophin), is a hormone involved in growth and metabolism, anabolic (involved in tissue building)

22
Q

What does GH target?

A

GH targets liver, muscle, bone, adipose to stimulate growth

23
Q

What is GH stimulated by?

A

stimulated by GHRH- triggered by low GH, low fatty acids and glucose, obesity. Increase in sleep, and exercise

24
Q

What is GH inhibited by?

A

GH is inhibited by GHIH - triggered by high GH and IGF synthesis and release of GH is inhibited

25
Q

What is the negative feedback GH?

A

negative feedback occurs upon an increase in GH and IGF, synthesis and release of GH is inhibited.

26
Q

What are the disorders associated with GH?

A

Gigantism (a lot of GH) and dwarfism (low GH), after puberty the growth plates close
Acromegaly: enlarged extremities

27
Q

What is prolactin? PRL

A

PRL is a hormone from the anterior pituitary gland, involved in breast development and lactation.

28
Q

Whats does PRL target?

A

PRL targets mammary tissue, there in an increase in prolactin by the end of pregnancy.

29
Q

What is PRL regulated by?

A

PRL is regulated by PIH (dopamine): primary control –> lower levels stimulated prolactin selection, estrogen and infants suckling

30
Q

What disorders involve prolactin?

A

prolactinoma- causes benign growth of PRL cells, symptoms include hyperprolactinemia, lack of menses, and infertility in females. impotence in males -inappropriate lactation.

31
Q

Treatment in PRL imbalance?

A

Pharmacotherapy (dopamine being antagonist)

32
Q

What is TSH?

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary.

it is involved in the development and the activity of the thyroid gland –> metabolic rate

33
Q

What is TSH inhibited by?

A

TSH is inhibited by the GHIH, dopamine, glucocorticoids.

34
Q

What does the TSH target?

A

Thyroid gland

35
Q

What stimulates the TSH?

A

TRH- triggered by low thyroid hormones in infants, and exposure to cold

36
Q

What is negative feedback in TSH?

A

TSH negative feedback occurs upon an increase in thyroid hormones and the synthesis and release of TSH is inhibited

37
Q

What is ACTH

A

ACTH is adrenocorticotropic hormone: occurs as a stress response (activity in the adrenal cortex)

38
Q

What does the ACTH target?

A

The ACTH targets the adrenal cortext

39
Q

What is the ACTH stimulated by and negative feedback?

A

CRH- triggered by fever, hypoglycemia, stressors. Negative feedback occurs when there is an increase of cortisol syn. and release inhibited

40
Q

What is FSH and LH?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (gonadotropins) activity of gonads including gonadal hormones and gamete production

41
Q

What does FSH and LH target?

A

ovaries and testes

42
Q

What do the FSH and LH get stimulated by?

A

GnRH

43
Q

What is the negative feedback in FSH and LH?

A

Negative feedback in FSH and LH occurs upon the increase gonadal, hormones synthesis, and release of FSH and LH is inhibited

44
Q

Posterior pituitary hormone summary?

A
  • on-demand release
  • AP in hypothalamic neurons causes a release of hormones stored in axon terminal in the posterior pituitary
  • ADH and oxytocin differ by only two amino acids but have different effects

BIOM1070 SM 1 (37 decks)

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