Mod 5 Pancreas Lecture 5

Question 1

What is the pancreas made up of?

Answer 1

Mixed gland: 1) endocrine cells and 2) exocrine acinar cells produce digestive enzymes

Question 2

How many cell types do endocrine islets have?

Answer 2

4 cell types

1) alpha cells
2) beta cells
3) delta cells
4) PP Cells

Question 3

What are alpha cells?

Answer 3

15-20% of islet mass-produce glucagon - increase in blood glucose

Question 4

What do beta cells do?

Answer 4

65%-80% of islet mass: produces insulin, results in a decrease in blood glucose

Question 5

What do delta cells do?

Answer 5

(3-5% of islet mass) produces GHIH/somatostatin: inhibits GH secretion

Question 6

What do PP cells do?

Answer 6

(3-5% inset mass) produces pancreatic polypeptide: effects on metabolism and appetite

Question 7

What is glucagon?

Answer 7

• Glucagon increases blood glucose levels and is an amino acid-based hormone

Question 8

What does glucagon target and action?

Answer 8

It targets the liver to promote and increase blood glucose levels via:

1) glycogenolysis: breakdown of glycogen to glucose
2) gluconeogenesis: synthesis of new glucose from lactic acid and non-carbohydrate sources, 1 mol releases 100M glucose molecules

Question 9

What is glucagon stimulated by?

Answer 9

Glucagon is stimulated by a decrease in blood glucose and sympathetic nervous system, increase in amino-acid (protein-rich meal)

Question 10

What is glucagon inhibited by?

Answer 10

increase in blood glucose, insulin, and GHIH somatostatin

Question 11

What does insulin do?

Answer 11

Insulin decrease blood glucose levels

Question 12

What do insulin target and action?

Answer 12

1) Glucose uptake into cells for ATP production (muscle and fat), glycogenesis: glucose molecule join to form glycogen live (anabolic storage hormones)
- neuronal development, eating behavior, learning and memory brain

Question 13

What does insulin stimulate?

Answer 13

Insulin stimulates an increase in blood glucose, an increase in blood amino acids and fatty acids, parasym. NS (acetylcholine) incretins

Question 14

What does insulin inhibit?

Answer 14

Insulin inhibits GHIH and somatostatin, SYM NS

Question 15

Steps in glucose production?

Answer 15

1) insulin binding and receptor autophosphorylation 
2-3) recruitment of relay proteins
4-7) protein phosphorylations
8-10) GLUT4 translocation to PM
11) glucose uptake

Question 16

What is diabetes?

Answer 16

A group of diseases that result in too much sugar in the blood (high blood glucose). A passer through; a siphon

Question 17

What is diabetes mellitus?

Answer 17

“sweetened with honey” a disease caused by the deficiency and or altered action of the pancreatic hormone, insulin which regulates blood glucose levels –> high blood glucose levels exceed transport maximum of glucose reabsorption in kidneys thus, excrete into urine and water flows

Question 18

What is diabetes mellitus?

Answer 18

“sweetened with honey” a disease caused by the deficiency and or altered action of the pancreatic hormone, insulin which regulates blood glucose levels –> high blood glucose levels exceed transport maximum of glucose reabsorption in kidneys thus, excrete into urine and water flows

Question 19

What is diabetes insipidus?

Answer 19

Diabetes insipidus –> lacking flavor; or zest, not tasty.I Itʻs a rare disease caused by a deficiency of the pituitary hormone, ADH, which regulates water absorption by the kidneys, there is an excretion of large amounts of dilute urine

Question 20

what are the complications of diabetes insipidus?

Answer 20

complications are major causes of disability, reduced quality of life and premature mortality

Question 21

GLUCOGEN and INSULIN diagram

Answer 21

:0)

Question 22

Why is there increase in type 2 diabetes?

Answer 22

1) Increasing urbanization –> lowers PA, unhealthy eating and

Question 23

What is Mellitus?

Answer 23

Contributes to an increase in heart disease and kidney disease

Question 24

What are chronic diseases

Answer 24

where blood glucose levels are high (hyperglycemia), it cannot produce enough insulin/use it effectively

Question 25

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 25

Type 1 diabetes (T1D): deficient pancreatic insulin production, previously (juvenile-onset and insulin-dependent) - no longer that. 10-15% of cases (less insulin)

Question 26

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 26

MOST COMMON: (T2D) insulin resistance, where there is an increase in insulin secretion (hyperinsulinemia), glucotoxicity, may lead to B cell destruction (1 in 4 require exogenous insulin therapy)

Question 27

What is gestational diabetes mellitus? (GDM)

Answer 27

hyperglycemia diagnosed for the first time during pregnancy, insulin resistance 24-28 weeks

Question 28

What is the purpose of glucose-lowering therapies

Answer 28

• to reduce and maintain blood glucose levels as close to normal and thereby prevent complications

Question 29

Glucose therapy for Type 1 diabetes

Answer 29

• lifelong insulin injections with syringe and pens) pumps

Question 30

Glucose therapy for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 30

• lifestyle (diet PA)
• insulin sensitiers (biguanides)
• insulin screagogues
  Slow intestinal glucose (alpha-glucosidase inhibitors)
• promote renal glucose
• promote reneal glucose excretions

Question 31

therapy for GDM?

Answer 31

• lifestyle (diet, PA)

- pharmacotherapy with insulin and buguanides

Question 32

What is incremental innovation?

Answer 32

• injectable insulin, rapid and short, intermediate, mixed

Question 33

What is allotransplantation?

Answer 33

closed-loop devices, artificial pancreas

Question 34

Is T2D preventable?

Answer 34

if BMI was lower, high PA, good diet and low consume. of alcohol

Question 35

LABLE REVIEW Q

Answer 35

:)