Mod 5 Pancreas Lecture 5 Flashcards
What is the pancreas made up of?
Mixed gland: 1) endocrine cells and 2) exocrine acinar cells produce digestive enzymes
How many cell types do endocrine islets have?
4 cell types
1) alpha cells
2) beta cells
3) delta cells
4) PP Cells
What are alpha cells?
15-20% of islet mass-produce glucagon - increase in blood glucose
What do beta cells do?
65%-80% of islet mass: produces insulin, results in a decrease in blood glucose
What do delta cells do?
(3-5% of islet mass) produces GHIH/somatostatin: inhibits GH secretion
What do PP cells do?
(3-5% inset mass) produces pancreatic polypeptide: effects on metabolism and appetite
What is glucagon?
- Glucagon increases blood glucose levels and is an amino acid-based hormone
What does glucagon target and action?
It targets the liver to promote and increase blood glucose levels via:
1) glycogenolysis: breakdown of glycogen to glucose
2) gluconeogenesis: synthesis of new glucose from lactic acid and non-carbohydrate sources, 1 mol releases 100M glucose molecules
What is glucagon stimulated by?
Glucagon is stimulated by a decrease in blood glucose and sympathetic nervous system, increase in amino-acid (protein-rich meal)
What is glucagon inhibited by?
increase in blood glucose, insulin, and GHIH somatostatin
What does insulin do?
Insulin decrease blood glucose levels
What do insulin target and action?
1) Glucose uptake into cells for ATP production (muscle and fat), glycogenesis: glucose molecule join to form glycogen live (anabolic storage hormones)
- neuronal development, eating behavior, learning and memory brain
What does insulin stimulate?
Insulin stimulates an increase in blood glucose, an increase in blood amino acids and fatty acids, parasym. NS (acetylcholine) incretins
What does insulin inhibit?
Insulin inhibits GHIH and somatostatin, SYM NS
Steps in glucose production?
1) insulin binding and receptor autophosphorylation 2-3) recruitment of relay proteins 4-7) protein phosphorylations 8-10) GLUT4 translocation to PM 11) glucose uptake
What is diabetes?
A group of diseases that result in too much sugar in the blood (high blood glucose). A passer through; a siphon
What is diabetes mellitus?
“sweetened with honey” a disease caused by the deficiency and or altered action of the pancreatic hormone, insulin which regulates blood glucose levels –> high blood glucose levels exceed transport maximum of glucose reabsorption in kidneys thus, excrete into urine and water flows
What is diabetes mellitus?
“sweetened with honey” a disease caused by the deficiency and or altered action of the pancreatic hormone, insulin which regulates blood glucose levels –> high blood glucose levels exceed transport maximum of glucose reabsorption in kidneys thus, excrete into urine and water flows
What is diabetes insipidus?
Diabetes insipidus –> lacking flavor; or zest, not tasty.I Itʻs a rare disease caused by a deficiency of the pituitary hormone, ADH, which regulates water absorption by the kidneys, there is an excretion of large amounts of dilute urine
what are the complications of diabetes insipidus?
complications are major causes of disability, reduced quality of life and premature mortality
GLUCOGEN and INSULIN diagram
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Why is there increase in type 2 diabetes?
1) Increasing urbanization –> lowers PA, unhealthy eating and
What is Mellitus?
Contributes to an increase in heart disease and kidney disease
What are chronic diseases
where blood glucose levels are high (hyperglycemia), it cannot produce enough insulin/use it effectively
What is type 1 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes (T1D): deficient pancreatic insulin production, previously (juvenile-onset and insulin-dependent) - no longer that. 10-15% of cases (less insulin)
What is type 2 diabetes?
MOST COMMON: (T2D) insulin resistance, where there is an increase in insulin secretion (hyperinsulinemia), glucotoxicity, may lead to B cell destruction (1 in 4 require exogenous insulin therapy)
What is gestational diabetes mellitus? (GDM)
hyperglycemia diagnosed for the first time during pregnancy, insulin resistance 24-28 weeks
What is the purpose of glucose-lowering therapies
- to reduce and maintain blood glucose levels as close to normal and thereby prevent complications
Glucose therapy for Type 1 diabetes
- lifelong insulin injections with syringe and pens) pumps
Glucose therapy for type 2 diabetes?
- lifestyle (diet PA)
- insulin sensitiers (biguanides)
- insulin screagogues
Slow intestinal glucose (alpha-glucosidase inhibitors) - promote renal glucose
- promote reneal glucose excretions
therapy for GDM?
- lifestyle (diet, PA)
- pharmacotherapy with insulin and buguanides
What is incremental innovation?
- injectable insulin, rapid and short, intermediate, mixed
What is allotransplantation?
closed-loop devices, artificial pancreas
Is T2D preventable?
if BMI was lower, high PA, good diet and low consume. of alcohol
LABLE REVIEW Q
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