Module 4 Joints Flashcards
Why are joints important?
Joints are important because if we don’t look after them they get inflamed or degenerative i.e. arthritis and joint replacements. Many people suffer from acute sprains, strains, and dislocations
What are the joints?
Joints are articulations, they are functional connections that exist between the various bone and skeleton, some joints are cartilages, not bone.
What are the functions of the joints?
The function of joints includes giving the skeleton mobility and hold it together. Also, joints vary in movement
What is ROM used for
range of motion is commonly used to asses injuries - rehab and disease
What are frontanelles?
joints between separations are called frontanelle, they aren’t firmly jointed, in the skull, it leaves room for growth and to go through birth
How to classify joints
Structurally and functionally
How to classify structurally?
Structurally (3): type of material binding bones together and whether a joint cavity is present
What are the different structures of joints? What groups are these joints classified in?
1) fibrous
2) cartilaginous
3) synovial
How to classify functionally?
The amount of movement allowed at the joint
What is the type of movement (functionally)
1) Synarthrosis (very little movement)
2) amphiarthrosis (slight movement)
3) diarthrosis (freely moveable) `
What are fibrous joints?
Fibrous: when bones are jointed by collagen fiber (fiber tissues), no joint cavity and little to no movement
e.g. the syndesmosis ligament (near the fibula and tibia)
What are cartilaginous?
cartilaginous- where bones are joined by cartilage, no joint cavity with little to no movement
What are synovial joints? (6)
Synovial joints are articulated bones, they are separated by a fluid-filled cavity, synovial joints are further categorized based on the shape and the articulating surfaces i.e. gliding/plane, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid/condylar, saddle and ball and socket (6)
What joints are classified as ‘synarthrosis’?
No movement
- > fibrous
- > cartilaginous
What joints are classified as ‘amphiarthroisis’?
limited movement
- -> non axial (only sliding movements, no rotations)
- -> mono-axial (1 axis only)
What joints are classified as diarthrosis?
diarthrosis: free movement (synovial)
All diarthrosis is synovial joints
nonaxial, monoaxial, biaxial, triaxial
What are 7 distinguishing features of synovial joints?
1) articular cartilage
2) joint cavity (contains the fluid)
3) articular capsule (made up of fibrous layer, synovial membrane)
4) synovial fluid ( the synovial membrane)
5) ligaments
6) nerves and blood vessels
7) bones
What is a ligament
Where bone to bone is attached
What is a tendon
Where muscle is attached to bone
What are the accessory structures that joints have? (LABEL)1
1) Menisci
2) fat pads
3) tendons
4) Bursae
What does it mean when joints have lots of movement
they are not as stable if they are freely movable
How is movement limited by?
Movement is limited by
1) the shape of the articulating surface
2) menisci and discs
3) ligaments and joint capsule
4) muscle actions/tendon tension (tear)
What are 5 synovial joints in the body?
1) knee
2) shoulder
3) elbow
4) hip
5) jaw
What are the types of synovial joint movements?
RANGE OF MOTION
nonaxial: Slipping movements only
uniaxial: movement in one plane
biaxial: movement in two planes
multiaxial: movement around all three planes
What are the general types of movements?
1) gliding
2) angular movements
3) rotation
What is ‘double jointedness’
it means the person has hypermobility syndrome, where there is extension on stretchiness in tendons
What are gliding movements
one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface i.e. intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, between vertebrae
What are angular/rotational movements?
an increase/decrease angle between two bones (literally flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotations, supination, inversion)1
Gliding planes?
nonaxial, slight movement along relatively flat surfaces (i.e proximal ends of the ulna and radius)
Hinge joint?
uniaxial, cylinder rest in through (flexion and extension) - An example is the elbow joint.
Pivot joint>
Axle fits into a sleeve (rotation about long axis) (between the C1 and C2 vertebrae in the neck)
- only rotary movement around a single axis
Ellipsoid (condylar) - oval surface & saddle
oval surfaces, a pair of concave and convex area
- (flexion/extension, abduction, adduction)
- biaxial
(wrist)
Ball and socket?
- adduction and abduction, flexion, extension and rotation
- spherical head
- cup socket
i.e. hip and shoulder joint
MULTIAXIAL
What joints are commonly injured
- sprains
- dislocations
- cartilage tears
What are sprains?
- Sprains are ligaments stretched/torn
- partial tears repair slow (not a lot of blood flow)
- complete tears (graft/sew)
What are dislocations?
- luxations
- bones that are forced out of the ligaments (through contact sport/big falls)
What are cartilage tears
- compression and sheer stress together
- fragments often cause joints to catch and lock
Sprain vs strain?
Sprain: ligament damage
strain: muscle damage can affect the integrity of joints
What are the 2 different types of arthritis
Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritis
What is osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis is chronic and degenerative ‘wear and tear’, where more cartilage is destroyed than replaced, leads to roughened, pitted or particular cartilages (osteophytes may form)
What is rheumatoid arthritis
rheumatoid arthritis, chronic and inflammatory is an autoimmune disease whereby the immune system attacks the tissue begins as an inflammation of the synovial membrane - cartilage erodes and scar tissue forms
Joint replacements?
- removal and replacement of damaged/diseased parts of the joint
- replaced with new and artificial parts
- most common in knees and hip replacements
