Model of memory

Question 1

what is coding? and name the features of ST STM LTM

Answer 1

how we process information changing it to suitable form so it can be stored

SR - modality specific
STM - acoustic
LTM - semantic

Question 2

What is capacity?

Answer 2

amount of information that can be held in memory

SR - unlimited
STM - 7+/-2 items ( 5-9) items
LTM - unlimited

Question 3

what is duration?

Answer 3

how long information lasts in memory

SR - limited less than 0.5 seconds
STM - limited 18-30s
LTM - potentially forever/lifetime

Question 4

What is research into coding ao1?

Answer 4

aim - to investigate how we code info in our STM

procedure- showed ppts list of words in 4 categories

1. acoustically similar
2. acoustically dissimilar
3. semantically similar
4. semantically dissimilar

immediately after each presentation ppts asked to recall list in correct order

Question 5

what was the findings of baddeley’s research?

Answer 5

more mistakes made on the acoustically similar list

Question 6

what is the conclusion of baddeley’s research

Answer 6

suggests STM mainly codes information acoustically

Question 7

how did baddeley research LTM ao1?

Answer 7

aim - investigate how we code info in our LTM
procedure - showed ppts list of 4 words in categories

20 mins after each presentation ppts asked recall lists in correct order

Question 8

what was findings on LTM baddelsy coding

Answer 8

more mistakes made in semantically similar list

Question 9

what was the conclusion for LTM baddeley’ coding?

Answer 9

suggests LTM mainly codes for information semantically

Question 10

What is research into capacity ao1?

Answer 10

aim - to investigate capacity of STM

procedure - digit span technique
ppts given strings of unrelated digits that increased by one digit every time

ppts digit span measured until no longer recall the digits in correct sequence

Question 11

what was the findings of millers research?

Answer 11

ppts cud recall 5-9 items more could be recalled if items were ‘chunked’
e.g ppts can remember 5 words just as well 5 letters

Question 12

what was the conclusion of millers research

Answer 12

capacity is limited to 9-5 items

Question 13

who conducted research into duration ao1?

Answer 13

peterson and peterson

aim - to investigate of the duration of the STM

sample - 24 undergraduate students
procedure - ppts briefly presented a constant trigam (HDF) to remember

they were then given a three digit-number and asked to count backwards from this number to prevent rehearsal

they were stopped at different intervals ( 3,6,9,12,15,18) and asked to recall the consonant trigam

Question 14

what was findings or peterson and petersons research?

Answer 14

after 3 seconds only 80% recalled the trigam correctly

after 18 secs fewer than 10% recalled correctly

Question 15

what did peterson and peterson conclude

Answer 15

information in the STM lasts 18-30 seconds unless it is rehearsed

Question 16

who conducted research on duration on LTM

Answer 16

bahrick

aim - to investigate duation of LTM
procedure - bahrick tested 392 🇺🇸 graduates between 17 and 74 on their memory of their former classmates.

condition 1 - had to recall names of classmates using a photo yearbook

condition 2 - recall names of their class w no photo cue

Question 17

what were the findings into bahricks research?

Answer 17

condition 1) 70% ppts recalled accurately after 48 years

condition 2) 30% of ppts recalled accurately after 48 yrs

Question 18

what did bahrick conclude in duration to LTM?

Answer 18

certain types of information can potentially last a lifetime especially with the correct cues

Question 19

give a criticism of research into duration of STM

Answer 19

P - lacks mundane realism
E - as the task of recalling consonant trigams is artificial
E - therefore difficult to generalise findings that info lasts 18-30 secs to real life examples that research does not reflect most real-life memory activities where was we are trying to remember is meaningful

L - thus lowering external validity of R into duration of STM

-> some argue we do remember meaningless things such as groups pf digits phone numbers postcodes even though it’s artificial it has some relevance to everyday life

Question 20

give a positive into coding of LTM

Answer 20

P - high control over extraneous variables

E - carried out in controlled setting (lab) for eg (lists of words would be matched on their difficulty and each word would be shown to ppts for the same amount of time

E - this means thar we are more likely to establish cause and effect between IV and DV

L - increasing internal validity of R into coding of LTM

Question 21

what is research into capacity of STM praised for?

Answer 21

P - high reliability
E - because research was carried out in controlled environment (lab)
E - therefore research can be repeated in same conditions (same standardised instructions same digits given to ppts shown for same amount of time)

L - to check for consistent results into capacity of LTM

Question 22

how is bahricks research slightly different?

Answer 22

real life task and there was not as much control

Question 23

how does bahrick research has high mundane realism?

Answer 23

P - bahricks r into duration in the LTM has high in mundane realism,

E - as r assessed real life memories of individuals old class mates

E - this is a strength because it is something you might find yourself doing in everyday life e.g searching for an old friend on social media

L - therefore it may be easier to GF of duration of LTM to other real life applications increasing external v of research into duration of LTM

Question 24

how can bahricks research into duration of LTM be criticised?

Answer 24

P - low control over extraneous variables as r didn’t take place in controlled environmen

E - for eg how much contact ppts had w classmates after leaving school was not controlled

L - therefore cause and effect can not be clearly established between IV (length of time passed) and DV (accurate recall of classmates) so firm conclusions cannot be drawn on duration of LTM reducing IV of r findings