Mod 9 : Urinary System

Question 1

Functions

Nephro-
Reno

Urinary bladder
Vesico
Cysto

Functions
- maintains Homeostasis - constant internal environment
- filters blood
- remove urea, creatinine

Urea- waste of protein metabolism
Creatinine- waste of muscle metabolism

Genitourinary system

Question 2

Kidneys

• filter blood
• maintain proper level of fluids
• produce hormones
• make red blood cells
• activate Vitamin D

Renal - pertaining to liver
Ren= kidneys

• location- retro peritoneal space (behind the peritoneum) - below diaphragm

Renal Cortex - outer region of kidney
Medulla- inner region of kidney

Nephrons- microscopic functional units of the kidney
- urine produced here

Renal pelvis - funnel shaped area inside each kidney
- newly formed urine is first collected here

Question 3

Ureter

• one from each kidney
• peristalsis -( wave like contractions) move urine through it
• urine drains into the bladder through ‘ureteral orifices

Question 4

Urinary bladder
- anterior portion of pelvic
- lined with Rugae

Question 5

Urethra

• tube from bladder to exterior of body
• urine comes out through urethra

Urinary sphincters
- located in start and end of the urethra

Urethral meatus
- external opening of the urethra

Female urethra shorter than male urethra

Prostate gland surrounds the urethra for males

Question 6

Excretion of urine

• also called ‘voiding’ or ‘micturition’
• urinate is also called ‘micturate’

Question 7

Medical specialist

Nephrologist
- specializes in diagnosis / treating disease of kidney

Urologist
- diagnose/ treat urinary system

Question 8

Pathology
Renal failure
- damaged nephrons

Azotemia
- elevation of blood urea nitrogen(BUN)
- lack of blood flow to kidney
- uremia

Uremia
- uremic poisoning
- renal failure causes toxic substances to be retained by blood without being filtered

Acute renal failure
- kidney not receiving enough blood

Chronic kidney disease
- CKD - progressive loss of renal function
- becos of diabetes, hypertension,

ESRD- end stage renal disease
- needs dialysis or transplant

Question 9

Nephrotic syndrome
- nephrosis
- excessive amount of protein is lost through urine
- damage to glomureli
- lowers protein in blood

Edema
- excessive fluid in body tissues
- symptom of kidney disease

Hyperproteinuria
- high concentrate of protein in urine

Minimal change disease
- in children

Question 10

Additional kidney conditions

Hydronephrosis
- dilation (swelling)of kidneys
- swelling of kidney due to urine backup
- caused by nephrolith ( kidney stone) or narrowing(stricture) of the ureter

Nephritis
- inflammation of kidney

Glomerulonephritis
-inflammation of glomureli

Nephroptosis
- known as ‘floating kidney’
- prolapse of kidney into pelvic area

Nephropyosis
- ‘ pyonephrosis’
- pus in kidney
Suppuration - formation of pus

Polycystic kidney disease
- fluid filled cysts in kidney

Renal colic
- acute pain due to kidney stone passing

Wilma tumor
- malignant tumor of kidney

Question 11

Stones
- also called ‘ calculus’
- stones form when waste products in urine separate and crystallize
- hydration prevent this

Nephrolith
- kidney stone

Ureterolith
- stone in ureter

Cystolith
- stone in urinary bladder

Question 12

Ureters

Hydroureter
- swelling of ureter with urine
- urine is blocked

Ureterectasis
- enlargement of ureter

Ureterorrhagia
- blood from ureter

Question 13

Urinary bladder

Cystalgia
- and cystodynia
- pain in bladder

Cystocele
- cele= hernia
- prolapsed bladder through vaginal wall

Interstitial cystitis
- inflammation within walls of bladder

Vesicovaginal fistula
- abnormal opening bet bladder and vagina
- causes involuntary flow of urine from bladder to vagina

• vesico= bladder
  Fistula- abnormal passage between two internal organs

Question 14

Neurogenic bladder
- neurological (nerve) problem that interferes with sense to go urine
- causes incontinence
- prevent bladder from emptying properly
-

Question 15

Prostate gland

Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- enlarged prostate gland

Prostatism
- because of compression or obstruction in urethra because of prostate gland enlargement

Prostate cancer

Prostatitis
- inflammation of prostate gland

Question 16

Urethra

Urethrorrhagia
- bleeding from urethra

Urethrorrhea
- abnormal discharge from urethra

Urethrostenosis
- or urethral stricture - narrowing of urethra

Abnormal urethral openings

Epispadias
- congenital abnormality of urethral opening
- men- opening on upper surface of penis
- women- is in the region of clitoris

Hypospadias
-urethral opening in underside of penis
- urethra opens into vagina
-

Question 17

Urinary tract infection

• begins in bladder
  Cystitis
• inflammation of bladder

Pyelonephritis
- inflammation of both renal pelvis/ kidney

Urethritis
- inflammation of urethra

Question 18

Urination

Anuria
- absence of urine formation by the kidneys

Diuresis
- increased output of urine

Dysuria
- difficult or painful urination

Enuresis
- involuntary discharge of urine

Nocturnal enuresis
- urinary incontinence during sleep

Nocturia
- frequent and excessive urination during the night

Oliguria
- scanty urination

Polyuria
- excessive urination

Urinary hesitancy
- difficulty in starting a urinary stream
- bashful bladder syndrome

Urinary retention
- ischuria
- inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate

Incontinence
- inability to control the excretion of urine
Urinary incontinence
Overflow continence
Stress incontinence
Overactive bladder