Mod 5 - Pathology Of Cardio Vascular System Flashcards
Congenital heart defect
- structural abnormalities
- caused by failure of heart to develop properly before birth
- congenital means ‘ present at birth ‘
- some are apparent at both
- some detected later in life
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
- also known as ‘ coronary heart disease ‘ and ‘ ischemic heart disease‘
- is atherosclerosis ( hardening ) of the coronary arteries that reduce blood supply to heart muscle
- creates insufficient supply of oxygen that can cause
—— angina ( pain)
—— a myocardial infarction ( heart attack )
—— death - CAD most common type of heart disease
- end stage CAD has unrelenting angina pain and severely limited lifestyle
Atherosclerosis
Ather = plaque or fatty substance
Pic : sites affected by atherosclerosis ( left ) Potential complications ( right )
- hardening and narrowing of the arteries
- causes by cholesterol plaque buildup
- in the interior wall of artery
PLAQUE
- Found within lumen ( opening within vessels through which blood flows) of an artery
- fatty deposit similar to rust in pipe
ATHEROMA - characteristic of atherosclerosis, - deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall - NOT same as dental plaque -
Ischemia
- insufficient supply of oxygen in tissues
- due to restricted blood flow to a part of body
- isch = hold back
- emia = blood
Eg cardiac Ischemia - lack of blood flow and oxygen to heart muscle
Angina
- also known as ‘ angina pectoris ‘
- severe episodes of chest pain occur due to inadequate blood flow to myocardium
- episodes are due to ischemia of heart muscle
- progressively worsen and leads to myocardial infarction
STABLE ANGINA
- occurs during exertion and resolves with rest
UNSTABLE ANGINA
- may occur during exertion or rest
- precursor to a myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction
- known as ‘ heart attack’
- occlusion ( blockage ) of one or more coronary artery with plaque deposit
- Infarction means ‘ sudden insufficiency of blood ‘
INFARCT
- localized area of dead tissue caused by lack of blood
- damage to myocardium impairs heart’s ability to pump blood
- symptoms — pain or pressure in middle of the chest that may spread to jaw, back or left arm
-
Heart failure
- also known as ‘ congestive heart failure ‘
- most common in elderly due to weakened heart
- heart is unable to pump out all the blood that it receives
- causes congestion( fluid buildup)
LEFT SIDE HEART FAILURE
- causes accumulation of fluid in lungs
- also know as ‘pulmonary edema’
- left side of the heart which is the main pumping chamber
- unable to pump blood efficiently from lungs to rest of body
- increases pressure in veins of the lungs
RIGHT SIDE HEART FAILURE
- often the result of left side heart failure
- fluid buildup throughout rest of body
- happens because right side of the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently throughout the rest of the body
- due to gravity edema is noticeable in legs and feet
- as it worsens can affect liver, GI tract or arms
CARDIOMEGALY
- enlargement of the heart
- frequently associated with heart failure
- heart enlarges to compensate for its decreased pumping ability
Carditis
Card=heart
- inflammation of the heart
ENDOCARDITIS - inflammation of inner lining of heart
BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS
- inflammation. Of lining or valves of heart
- bacteria in bloodstream
PERICARDITIS
- inflammation of pericardium
- causes accumulation of fluids within pericardial sac
- excess fluid restricts movement of heart
MYOCARDITIS
- inflammation of myocardium
- develops as rarely seen complications of viral infection
Diseases of myocardium
CARDIOMYOPATHY
- describes all diseases of the heart muscle
DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY
- heart muscle disease
- causes heart to enlarge
Heart valves
HEART MURMUR
- abnormal blowing or clicking sound
- often caused by defective heart valves
VALVULITIS
- inflammation of heart valve
VALVULAR PROLAPSE - abnormal protrusion of heart valve - results in inability of heart valve to close properly Eg Mitral valve prolapse Prolapse = dropping down of an organ
VALVULAR STENOSIS
- narrowing and stiffening thickening or blockage of one or more heart valve
Stenosis = abnormal narrowing
Eg aortic stenosis
Cardiac arrest and arrhythmia
ARRHYTHMIA
- loss of normal rhythm of heartbeat
- caused by abnormalities in electrical conduction system of heart NOT muscle
ASYSTOLE - known as ‘flat line’ a= without Systole= contraction - without any electrical activity in the heart
CARDIAC ARREST
- heart abruptly stops beating or develops arrhythmia
- immediate treatment in minutes have to given to avoid death
Atrial and ventricular fibrillations
FIBRILLATION
- life threatening fast and irregular heart beat
Eg Atrial or ventricular v-fib
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- A-fib
PALPITATION
- pounding racing heart beat
Blood vessel abnormalities
Thrombosis and embolisms
Thrombosis
- abnormal condition of having a thrombus (
- thromb =clot, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease)
THROMBUS
- blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein
- Thrombotic occlusion( blockage)
- is the blocking of an artery by a thrombus. - coronary thrombosis
- damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery - deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
- condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein.
EMBOLISM
- sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus
- embol = something inserted
- ism means condition
- embolism is often named for the causative factor, such as an ‘air embolism’ or a ‘fat embolism’
- or its location, such as ‘pulmonary embolism’
EMBOLUS
- foreign object, blood clot, air or piece of tissue or tumor circulating in the blood
Blood disorder
BLOOD DYSCRASIA
- pathologic condition of cellular elements of the blood
Dys=bad
Crasia = mixture or blending
HEMOCHROMATOSIS - known as ‘ iron overload disease’ - genetic disease - intestine absorb too much iron Hem= blood Chromat= color Osis= abnormal condition or disease - excess iron causes damage
LEUKOPENIA
- decrease in number of disease fighting white blood cells
- Penia=deficiency
POLYCYTHEMIA
- abnormal increase in number of red blood cells
- excess production of these cells by bone marrow
SEPSIS
- known as ‘ septicemia’
- caused by bacteria or other infectious organisms entering bloodstream
- also called ‘ blood poisoning ‘
- damage to multiple organs
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
- deficiency of cells that clot blood
THROMBOCYTOSIS
- abnormal increase in cells that clod blood called platelets
HYPERLIPIDEMIA
- term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood
Lipid = fat emia= blood circulation
Hypertension
Hypotension
Peripheral vascular disease
- disorders of blood vessels located outside heart and brain
- usually involves narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to legs, arms, stomach and kidneys
Peripheral arterial disease
- also known as ‘ peripheral arterial occlusive disease ‘
- caused by atherosclerosis
- impaired circulation to the extremities and vital organs
- ‘ankle- brachial index ‘ - to determine severity of above condition
Raynaud’s
- peripheral arterial occlusive disease
- intermittent attacks triggered by cold or stress
Symptoms - constructed circulation
- pallor(paleness)
-cyanosis(blue color) - redness of fingers and toes
Leukemia
- blood disorder MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME - type of cancer - insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells - due to dysfunction of bone marrow
LEUKEMIA
- characterized by progressive increase in number of abnormal leukocytes
- leukemia named based on how quickly they progress and type of blood cell involved
4 common types
- acute
- chronic myeloid leukemia
- acute
- chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
Anemias
- lower than normal amount of erythrocytes ( red blood cells )
- fatigue and shortness of breath
- severity is usually measured by decrease in amount of hemoglobin
- APLASTIC ANEMIA
- absence of ALL formed blood elements caused by failure of blood cells production in bone marrow
Plast= growth
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
- most common form of anemia
MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
- anemia in which red blood cells are larger than normal
- megalo= large
Blast= immature
- usually due to deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
- caused by lack of the protein - Intrinsic factor(IF) that helps body absorb B12 from Gai tract
- B12 necessary to form red blood cells
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
- inadequate number of circulating red blood cells
- because of premature destruction by spleen
Lytic= destroy
SICKLE CELL anemia - - genetic disorder - red blood cells take a sickle shape - sickle shape interrupts normal blood flow THALASSEMIA - inherited - causes mild or severe anemia - reduced hemoglobin - fewer red cells that’s normal
