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Comprehensive Medical Terminology > Mod 5 - Pathology Of Cardio Vascular System > Flashcards

Mod 5 - Pathology Of Cardio Vascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Congenital heart defect

A
  • structural abnormalities
  • caused by failure of heart to develop properly before birth
  • congenital means ‘ present at birth ‘
  • some are apparent at both
  • some detected later in life
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2
Q

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

A
  • also known as ‘ coronary heart disease ‘ and ‘ ischemic heart disease‘
  • is atherosclerosis ( hardening ) of the coronary arteries that reduce blood supply to heart muscle
  • creates insufficient supply of oxygen that can cause
    —— angina ( pain)
    —— a myocardial infarction ( heart attack )
    —— death
  • CAD most common type of heart disease
  • end stage CAD has unrelenting angina pain and severely limited lifestyle
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3
Q

Atherosclerosis
Ather = plaque or fatty substance

Pic : sites affected by atherosclerosis ( left ) 
Potential complications ( right )
A
  • hardening and narrowing of the arteries
  • causes by cholesterol plaque buildup
  • in the interior wall of artery

PLAQUE

  • Found within lumen ( opening within vessels through which blood flows) of an artery
  • fatty deposit similar to rust in pipe
ATHEROMA 
- characteristic of atherosclerosis, 
- deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall 
- NOT same as dental plaque 
-
Progression of plaque leading to heart attack
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4
Q

Ischemia

A
  • insufficient supply of oxygen in tissues
  • due to restricted blood flow to a part of body
  • isch = hold back
  • emia = blood

Eg cardiac Ischemia - lack of blood flow and oxygen to heart muscle

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5
Q

Angina

A
  • also known as ‘ angina pectoris ‘
  • severe episodes of chest pain occur due to inadequate blood flow to myocardium
  • episodes are due to ischemia of heart muscle
  • progressively worsen and leads to myocardial infarction

STABLE ANGINA
- occurs during exertion and resolves with rest

UNSTABLE ANGINA

  • may occur during exertion or rest
  • precursor to a myocardial infarction
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6
Q

Myocardial infarction

- known as ‘ heart attack’

A
  • occlusion ( blockage ) of one or more coronary artery with plaque deposit
  • Infarction means ‘ sudden insufficiency of blood ‘

INFARCT
- localized area of dead tissue caused by lack of blood

  • damage to myocardium impairs heart’s ability to pump blood
  • symptoms — pain or pressure in middle of the chest that may spread to jaw, back or left arm

-

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7
Q

Heart failure

A
  • also known as ‘ congestive heart failure ‘
  • most common in elderly due to weakened heart
  • heart is unable to pump out all the blood that it receives
  • causes congestion( fluid buildup)

LEFT SIDE HEART FAILURE

  • causes accumulation of fluid in lungs
  • also know as ‘pulmonary edema’
  • left side of the heart which is the main pumping chamber
  • unable to pump blood efficiently from lungs to rest of body
  • increases pressure in veins of the lungs

RIGHT SIDE HEART FAILURE

  • often the result of left side heart failure
  • fluid buildup throughout rest of body
  • happens because right side of the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently throughout the rest of the body
  • due to gravity edema is noticeable in legs and feet
  • as it worsens can affect liver, GI tract or arms

CARDIOMEGALY

  • enlargement of the heart
  • frequently associated with heart failure
  • heart enlarges to compensate for its decreased pumping ability
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8
Q

Carditis

Card=heart

A
  • inflammation of the heart
    ENDOCARDITIS
  • inflammation of inner lining of heart

BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS

  • inflammation. Of lining or valves of heart
  • bacteria in bloodstream

PERICARDITIS

  • inflammation of pericardium
  • causes accumulation of fluids within pericardial sac
  • excess fluid restricts movement of heart

MYOCARDITIS

  • inflammation of myocardium
  • develops as rarely seen complications of viral infection
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9
Q

Diseases of myocardium

A

CARDIOMYOPATHY
- describes all diseases of the heart muscle

DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY

  • heart muscle disease
  • causes heart to enlarge
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10
Q

Heart valves

A

HEART MURMUR

  • abnormal blowing or clicking sound
  • often caused by defective heart valves

VALVULITIS
- inflammation of heart valve

VALVULAR PROLAPSE 
- abnormal protrusion of heart valve 
- results in inability of heart valve to close properly 
Eg Mitral valve prolapse 
Prolapse = dropping down of an organ

VALVULAR STENOSIS
- narrowing and stiffening thickening or blockage of one or more heart valve
Stenosis = abnormal narrowing
Eg aortic stenosis

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11
Q

Cardiac arrest and arrhythmia

A

ARRHYTHMIA

  • loss of normal rhythm of heartbeat
  • caused by abnormalities in electrical conduction system of heart NOT muscle
ASYSTOLE
- known as ‘flat line’ 
a= without 
Systole= contraction
- without any electrical activity in the heart

CARDIAC ARREST

  • heart abruptly stops beating or develops arrhythmia
  • immediate treatment in minutes have to given to avoid death
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12
Q

Atrial and ventricular fibrillations

A

FIBRILLATION
- life threatening fast and irregular heart beat
Eg Atrial or ventricular v-fib

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- A-fib

PALPITATION
- pounding racing heart beat

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13
Q

Blood vessel abnormalities

A
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14
Q

Thrombosis and embolisms

A

Thrombosis

  • abnormal condition of having a thrombus (
  • thromb =clot, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease)

THROMBUS
- blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein

  1. Thrombotic occlusion( blockage)
    - is the blocking of an artery by a thrombus.
  2. coronary thrombosis
    - damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery
  3. deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
    - condition of having a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein.

EMBOLISM

  • sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus
  • embol = something inserted
  • ism means condition
  • embolism is often named for the causative factor, such as an ‘air embolism’ or a ‘fat embolism’
  • or its location, such as ‘pulmonary embolism’

EMBOLUS
- foreign object, blood clot, air or piece of tissue or tumor circulating in the blood

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15
Q

Blood disorder

A

BLOOD DYSCRASIA
- pathologic condition of cellular elements of the blood
Dys=bad
Crasia = mixture or blending

HEMOCHROMATOSIS
- known as ‘ iron overload disease’ 
- genetic disease
- intestine absorb too much iron 
Hem= blood 
Chromat= color
Osis= abnormal condition or disease 
- excess iron causes damage

LEUKOPENIA

  • decrease in number of disease fighting white blood cells
  • Penia=deficiency

POLYCYTHEMIA

  • abnormal increase in number of red blood cells
  • excess production of these cells by bone marrow

SEPSIS

  • known as ‘ septicemia’
  • caused by bacteria or other infectious organisms entering bloodstream
  • also called ‘ blood poisoning ‘
  • damage to multiple organs

THROMBOCYTOPENIA
- deficiency of cells that clot blood

THROMBOCYTOSIS
- abnormal increase in cells that clod blood called platelets

HYPERLIPIDEMIA
- term used to describe elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in the blood

Lipid = fat
emia= blood circulation
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16
Q

Hypertension

A
17
Q

Hypotension

A
18
Q

Peripheral vascular disease

A
  • disorders of blood vessels located outside heart and brain
  • usually involves narrowing of the vessels that carry blood to legs, arms, stomach and kidneys
19
Q

Peripheral arterial disease

A
  • also known as ‘ peripheral arterial occlusive disease ‘
  • caused by atherosclerosis
  • impaired circulation to the extremities and vital organs
  • ‘ankle- brachial index ‘ - to determine severity of above condition
20
Q

Raynaud’s

A
  • peripheral arterial occlusive disease
  • intermittent attacks triggered by cold or stress
    Symptoms
  • constructed circulation
  • pallor(paleness)
    -cyanosis(blue color)
  • redness of fingers and toes
21
Q

Leukemia

A 
- blood disorder 
MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME 
- type of cancer
- insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells 
- due to dysfunction of bone marrow

LEUKEMIA

  • characterized by progressive increase in number of abnormal leukocytes
  • leukemia named based on how quickly they progress and type of blood cell involved

4 common types

  • acute
  • chronic myeloid leukemia
  • acute
  • chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
22
Q

Anemias

A
  • lower than normal amount of erythrocytes ( red blood cells )
  • fatigue and shortness of breath
  • severity is usually measured by decrease in amount of hemoglobin
  • APLASTIC ANEMIA
  • absence of ALL formed blood elements caused by failure of blood cells production in bone marrow
    Plast= growth

IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
- most common form of anemia

MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
- anemia in which red blood cells are larger than normal
- megalo= large
Blast= immature
- usually due to deficiency of folic acid or vitamin B12

PERNICIOUS ANEMIA

  • caused by lack of the protein - Intrinsic factor(IF) that helps body absorb B12 from Gai tract
  • B12 necessary to form red blood cells

HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
- inadequate number of circulating red blood cells
- because of premature destruction by spleen
Lytic= destroy

SICKLE CELL anemia 
- - genetic disorder 
- red blood cells take a sickle shape 
- sickle shape interrupts normal blood flow 
THALASSEMIA
- inherited 
- causes mild or severe anemia 
- reduced hemoglobin 
- fewer red cells that’s normal

Comprehensive Medical Terminology (48 decks)

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